An Analysis of India’s Quest for Digital Transformation in Education: Progress, Determinants and Challenges

SRIJAN KUMAR 한국아시아학회 2023 아시아연구 Vol.26 No.4

India has been actively pursuing digital transformation in education since 2015 as a part of its Digital India mission. This paper critically analyzes India's recent quest for digital transformation in education. The study focuses on three interrelated issues - progress, major determinants, and challenges - that have not been studied by scholarly studies so far. The paper first provides a detailed description of the origins and evaluations of India's pursuit of digital transformation in education in recent years. Then, it analyzes the primary drivers for this policy and identifies four key determinants that have significantly influenced India's push toward digital transformation of its education landscape. These include bridging the digital divide, enhancing the gross enrolment ratio through digitalization, empowering the masses to participate in the modern digital economy, and the COVID-19 pandemic impact. While India's digital transformation in education has great potential, it also poses several challenges. Hence, after demonstrating critical progress and major determinants, the paper highlights four major obstacles that need to be addressed to realize India's goal. These include a lack of digital infrastructure, inadequate digital literacy among students and teachers, geographical educational inequality, and a lack of government interest in strengthening public educational institutions. This paper aims to enrich the literature in two ways. Firstly, by studying India's digital education transformation, it contributes to emerging research on digital transformation in education in developing countries. Secondly, it seeks to understand factors and challenges affecting India's education in the new digital era.

An Analysis of Hindi Promotion Policy of the Modi Administration and its Implications

Srijan Kumar(스리잔 꾸마르) 한국아시아학회 2019 아시아연구 Vol.22 No.1

본 논문은 최근 변화한 인도 언어 정책에 학술적 관심을 불러일으키고자 나렌드라 모디 총리의 힌디어 부흥 정책과 그 의의를 분석한다. 2014 년 인도인민당(BJP)이 집권한 이후, 인도 정부는 힌디어를 부흥시키기 위한 정책을 채택했다. 인도 정부의 힌디어 부흥 정책은 다음과 같이 4 단계로 개념화할 수 있다. 첫째, 모디 총리와 그의 장관들이 이끈 힌디어의 수사적 부흥, 둘째, 행동 중심의 다양한 정책적 시도, 셋째, 힌디어권 중심지에서 비-힌디어권 중심지로의 지리적 범위 확대, 넷째, 전 세계로의 힌디어 전파를 위한 정부 주도의 글로벌 프로그램 추진이다. 이 정책의 변화를 보면 어떤 요인들이 현재 BJP 정부가 힌디어를 부흥시키고자 만드는지 의문이 생긴다. 이 논문은 이에 대한 대답을 두 가지 필수적인 요소; 이념적 및 선거상의 원인에 초점을 맞춰 제시한다. 이 논문은 여당의 재집권을 위한 고려사항들과 결합된 애국주의 이데올로기가 현 정부의 힌디어 부흥 정책 이면에 놓인 가장 주요한 요인이라 주장한다. 또한, 이 논문은 모디 정부의 힌디어 부흥 정책의 의의뿐만이 아니라 모디 정부가 이 정책을 추진하는 데에 있어 직면하는 반대와 비-힌디어권 지역에서 부활하고 있는 반-힌디어 운동을 포함한 여러 한계점도 분석한다. This article seeks to bring scholarly attention to a recent change in India’s language policy. In doing so, it analyzes the Narendra Modi administration’s Hindi promotional policy and its implications. Since the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP)-led government came into the power in 2014, the Indian government has adopted a policy to promote the Hindi language, which can be conceptualized in four levels: 1) Rhetorical promotion of Hindi by Prime Minister Modi and his ministers, 2) Actionoriented push towards the implementation of several policy initiatives, 3) Expanding the geographic reach from the Hindi Heartland to other non-Hindi speaking states, and 4) Government-led global push for the propagation of Hindi worldwide. This policy shift raises the question of, what factors account for the current BJP government’s inclination to promote the Hindi language? This paper will answer this question by exclusively focusing on two crucial imperatives: Ideological Imperative and Electoral Imperative. This paper argues that the ruling party’s ideology in promoting Hindi vis-à-vis other languages, combined with the electoral considerations are the major factors behind the current administration’s promotion of Hindi. This paper also analyses the implications of this policy as well as the difficulties of the Modi government in promoting the Hindi language, including the opposition faced and possibility of reviving Anti-Hindi Agitation in non-Hindi speaking states.

The Evolution of India’s Language Policy: Special Reference to the Development of Hindi vis-à-vis other Indian Languages

Srijan Kumar(스리잔 꾸마르) 한국아시아학회 2020 아시아연구 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구는 인도 언어정책의 진화를 비판적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 여러 학술연구들은 정치적 역학이 한 국가의 언어정책의 변화 궤적을 형성하는데 있어 핵심적인 역할을 한다고 주장한다. 이 관점에 따라서 본 연구는 인도의 정치적 역학이 인도 언어정책의 진화에 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는지를 검토했다. 본 논문은 인도의 언어정책의 변화 궤적을 4 단계로 나눴다. 첫번째 단계는 독립 이후의 인도의 ‘다국어’ 정책의 기원을 담고 있는데, 이는 당시 정치적 역학의 직접적인 결과였다. 두번째 단계는 비-힌디어를 사용하는 남인도 주(州)들에서 주도한 반-힌디어 운동이 인도 정치의 주요 이슈가 되면서 시작되었고, 결국 이는 언어 정책에 관한 새로운 담론을 낳게 되었다. 세번째 단계는 언어 정책 문제와 관련한 남인도와 북인도 간의 갈등을 해소하기 위해 정책입안자들이 여러 가지 이니셔티브를 취했던 시나리오를 포함한다. 네번째 단계는 현재의 인도인민당(BJP)이 이끄는 인도 중앙 정부에서 채택한 인도내 타언어를 배격한 힌디어 중시 정책과 함께 시작된다. 최근 대두되고 있는 이와 같은 힌디어 중시 정책이 함의하는 바는 무엇인가? 본 연구는 인도의 다국어적 본질을 교란하려는 이러한 노력들이 언어 문제를 둘러싼 남인도와 북인도 간의 분열을 초래하고 확장할 가능성이 높다고 결론짓는다. This study aims to critically analyze the evolution of India’s language policy. Scholarly studies hold that political dynamics play a key role in shaping the trajectory of language policy of any country. We employed this perspective to demonstrate that how India’s political dynamics has influenced the evolution of its language policy. This paper has divided the trajectory of India’s language policy into four phases. The first phase includes the origin of India’s ‘multilingual’ approach in the post-independence era, which was a direct result of political dynamics at that time. The second phase began when anti-Hindi agitation led by the South’s non-Hindi speaking states became the prime issue in Indian politics, which in turn gave rise to a new discourse with regard to language policy. The third phase includes a scenario where a number of initiatives were taken by policymakers in order to bridge the North-South divide with regard to language policy issue. The fourth and the latest phase starts with the adoption of an intensive Hindi promotion policy vis-à-vis other Indian languages by the current Bharatiya Janata Party-led central government. What are the implications for this latest development with regard to Hindi promotion strategy? This article concludes that any effort to disrupt the multilingual essence of the country is likely to revive and widen the North-South divide over language issue.

A Critical Analysis of India’s National Education Policy 2020: Focusing on Higher Education

Srijan Kumar(스리잔 꾸마르) 한국아시아학회 2021 아시아연구 Vol.24 No.4

인도는 2040 년까지 고등 교육을 포함한 기본교육 시스템을 혁신하기 위해 새로운 국가교육정책 2020(NEP 2020)을 승인했다. 새로운 교육 정책이 가지는 의미는 1986 년 도입된 기존의 국가교육정책을 대체할 21 세기형 인도의 첫 번째 교육 정책으로 이해할 수 있다. 인도 교육 정책의 이러한 발전은 다음과 같은 중요한 질문을 제기한다: 인도의 고등 교육 환경을 변화시키려는 NEP 2020 의 주요 특징은 무엇인가? 새로운 교육 정책의 핵심결정 요인은 무엇인가? 인도가 NEP 2020 을 성공적으로 이행하기 위해 직면하게 될 중요한 과제는 무엇인가? 본 연구는 이러한 질문에 답하고자 한다. 이 연구는 인도 국가교육정책(NEP 2020)의 내용 분석을 바탕으로, 고등 교육에 관한 NEP 2020 의 세 가지 주요 기능이 이전 교육 정책과 다르게 특별한 새로운 교육 정책을 만든다고 주장한다: 1) 다학제적 고등 교육의 촉진; 2) 연구 및 산학 협력에 대한 강조; 3) 고등 교육의 세계화 촉진. 본 연구는 글로벌 고등교육체제의 변화가 인도의 새로운 교육 정책 형성에 큰 영향을 미쳤다고 주장한다. 이 연구는 주요 특징을 파악하고 결정한 후, NEP 2020 의 주요 목표를 달성하기 위해 인도가 직면하게 될 두 가지 과제를 강조한다. 첫 번째는 자금 조달 문제이고 두 번째는 인도 고등 교육의 정치화이다. 마지막으로 이 연구는 인도가 NEP 2020 을 성공적으로 구현하기 위해서는 위에서 제기한 문제들을 반드시 해결해야 한다고 주장한다. India has approved its new National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) to transform India’s education system, including higher education, by 2040. The significance of this new education policy can be understood from the fact that this is India’s first education policy in the twenty-first century that will replace the previous National Policy on Education, which was introduced in 1986. This development raises important questions: What are the key characteristics of the NEP 2020 that seeks to transform the higher education landscape in India? What are the key determinants of the new education policy? What are the critical challenges India will face to implement its NEP 2020 successfully? This study seeks to answer these questions. Drawing on content analysis, this study first argues that three key features of the NEP 2020 regarding higher education make this new education policy unique and different from the earlier education policies: 1) promotion of multidisciplinary higher education; 2) stress on research and academic-industry collaboration; 3) fostering the globalization of higher education. Thereafter, this study contends that the changing global higher education system has highly influenced the formulation of India"s new education policy. After decoding key features and determinates, this study underscores two key challenges India will face to accomplish the main objectives of the NEP 2020. First is the funding issue, and the second is the politicization of India"s higher education. This study finally argues that India must address these critical issues to implement the NEP 2020 successfully.

힌디어의 금기 비속어 유형화와 대안번역에 대한 연구

고태진,Srijan Kumar 한국통번역교육학회 2015 통번역교육연구 Vol.13 No.3

This study aims to categorize Hindi slangs and to analyze them in terms of culture acceptability. When translating such expressions, the translator must possess a clear understanding of the socio-cultural acceptability in the target language—as well as the gap between the source and target cultures. Two major questions guided the study: i) how can we categorize Hindi slangs? and ii) what kind of filtering is suitable for the translation of slangs? Research findings suggest that a number of strategies can be deployed to translate slangs and vulgarism while not distorting the meaning. The translator’s choice should be based on his/her understanding of the culture. Formality levels in Hindi and Korean are illustrated herein, followed by categorization thereof. This study witnessed that formality levels are often “replaced” in the course of translation. Despite a number of limitations, this study is unique: it brings slangs to the center of the translation debate. Admittedly, slangs have always been “toned down” by translation practitioners and neglected or tabooed by translation scholars. The author hopes that scholarly debates over slang translation will be accumulated so that slangs can be translated in a multi-faceted manner.

Facile processing for instant production of clinically-approvable nanoagents for combination cancer therapy

Gautam, Milan,Kumar Poudel, Bijay,Chi Soe, Zar,Poudel, Kishwor,Maharjan, Srijan,Kwang Ku, Sae,Soon Yong, Chul,Woo Joo, Sang,Oh Kim, Jong,Hoon Byeon, Jeong Elsevier 2020 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL -LAUSANNE- Vol.383 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In order to produce more efficacious cancer treatments, combination therapies using stimuli-responsive therapeutic nanoagents (NAs) have been extensively researched over the past two decades. However, unexpected side effects, systemic toxicities, and validation and cost issues of newly developed NAs have hampered their practical application. The use of clinically-approved agents as NAs using particle engineering or modification is receiving renewed attention as an alternative strategy for the development of cancer nanomedicines. However, this approach is limited for postsurgical cancer treatments <I>via</I> external application to the surgical site; thus, the development of a realizable strategy to engineer clinically-approved agents for a broad application of cancer nanotherapeutics is still an important challenge. In this study, <I>in situ</I> assembly of NAs consisting of clinically-approvable Prussian blue nanocages (PB NCs), doxorubicin (D), an anticancer drug, and polyethylene glycol (peg), a stealth component was implemented <I>via</I> vibrating nozzle spraying for the production of a combination cancer phototherapy. The porous structure of PB NCs was ideal for loading D and peg, forming PB-Dpeg NAs to produce combination phototherapeutics, and this property was also useful for spontaneously patching up their surfaces with lateral nanodimensional graphene oxide flakes during assembly, for strengthening photothermal, sustained D release, and stealth effects without significant changes in the size and shape of PB-Dpeg.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Prussian blue (PB) was selected as both a drug vehicle and a light-activatable agent. </LI> <LI> Porous PB was mixed with anticancer drug and stealth compound using a vibrating nozzle. </LI> <LI> The <I>in situ</I> engineered PB nanoagents produced comparable combination cancer therapies. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Using Sentiment Analysis to Analyze the Feedback of Students with Open-ended Questions

임병학,강현주,엄성원,SRIJAN KUMAR 호남대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2020 인문사회과학연구 Vol.63 No.2

This study measures students’ preferences by analyzing their feedback about the lectures they have been attending based on open-ended questions on the course evaluation using the sentiment analysis method, one of the text mining methods. Based on this analysis, the quality of lectures was measured to suggest future changes made for improving teaching methods, directions for improving lecture quality, and its contents. This study aims to analyze qualitatively the feedback of student evaluation to examine student’s perceptions about the lecture more directly and comprehensively. To this end, answers of open-ended questions were collected and classified with positive, neutral, negative opinions or polarity. As a result of sentiment analysis 422 words are extracted. Among them 327 words (82.2%) were positive as opposed to 44. To measure our model’s accuracy, recall and precision and all of them are over 0.96 which indicates that machine learning model using NBC method successfully classified the data. This study could contribute to the course evaluation because it shows how to utilize students’ feedback of open-ended questions using text mining and sentiment analysis. It also gives solid measurement of the subjective point of view of students.

힌디어권 한국어 학습자를 위한 힌디어-한국어 친족 호칭어 교수-학습 방안

고태진(Koh, Taejin),스리잔 꾸마르(Srijan Kumar) 국제언어문학회 2017 國際言語文學 Vol.- No.38

예절과 위계를 중시하는 인도와 한국 사회에서의 호칭어는 사람들 간의 사회적 관계를 분명히 나타내고 있기 때문에, 반드시 제대로 학습되어 올바르게 사용해야할 교육 영역임에도 불구하고 그간 힌디어와 한국어 간 지칭어 및 호칭어에 대한 연구는 전혀 진행되지 않았다. 본 소고는 이에 대한 연구의 일환으로 먼저 친족 호칭어에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 한국어의 친족 호칭어는 화자의 성별, 혼인상태, 청자의 성별, 연령 등과 같은 요소가 호칭어를 선택할 때 중요한 기준이 되는 반면, 힌디어에서는 화자의 성별, 혼인 상태와는 상관없이 화자 및 청자의 연령과 청자의 성별만이 호칭어 선택의 기준이 된다. 본 연구에서는 힌디어와 한국어의 친족 호칭어를 부계, 모계, 부부간으로 나누어 살펴보고, 성별 차별화 현상, 매개 호칭어 사용 여부, 친족 호칭어 사용에 대한 유동성 등 힌디어와 한국어 간의 유사점과 차이점에 대해서도 구체적인 예와 함께 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 힌디어권 한국어 학습자들이 한국어 친족 호칭어를 효율적으로 쉽게 학습할 수 있도록 등급별 어휘 목록, TBI 기반 어휘 학습, 가족 드라마 활용 학습 그리고 친족어 대조 체계도와 같은 교수-학습 방안에 대해서도 함께 논의하도록 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 힌디어권 학습자들이 한국어의 친족 호칭어에 나타나는 가족관계 및 문화적 배경을 간접적으로나마 이해하고 올바른 어휘를 선택하는 데 도움을 주며, 힌디어를 전공하는 한국인 학습자들도 힌디어 가족 호칭어의 주요 특징을 이해하고 관련 정보를 수집하는 데 일조를 하고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to provide the educational method of Korean kinship terms of address for Hindi native learners on the basis of contrastive study of Hindi and Korean kinship terms of address. Unlike English and many other foreign languages, Korean has a complex structure of kinship terms of address which varies according to speaker’s gender, marriage status, listener’s gender and age etc. In order to understand and use the Korean kinship terms effectively, learners should be aware of the social background as well as similarities and dissimilarities between their mother tongue and Korean kinship term. Hindi also has a variety of kinship terms of address but it is less complex compared to Korean. Until now, there has not any study been done on teaching Korean kinship terminology for Hindi natives in India. Therefore this study compares the Korean and Hindi kinship terms of address on paternal, maternal and conjugal lines and also discusses the specialty, similarities and dissimilarities between Korean and Hindi kinship terms of address. On the basis of these findings this study suggests various methods of teaching Korean kinship terms of address to Hindi native learners, such as; listing the kinship terms according to TOPIK level, Task-Based Instruction, using family dramas and the chart of Korean and Hindi kinship terms.