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An approach to MgCl2 activation on CdSe thin films for solar cells
S.L. Patel,A. Purohit,S. Chander,M.D. Kannan,M.S. Dhaka 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.7
The energy demand of the world is rapidly increasing and to cater this, there is a need to explore new renewable energy resources. CdSe thin film solar cells may be promising alternative to the CdTe solar cells which are extensively studied and used in solar cell technology. The pre/post deposition chlorine based treatments (viz. CdCl2, MgCl2, NH4Cl) are the important steps to enhance the performance of Cd-based thin film solar cells. Therefore, a study on MgCl2 activation treatment to CdSe thin films for solar cell applications as absorber layer is undertaken. Different physical properties of e-beam evaporated CdSe films (thickness 550 nm) grown on glass and ITO substrates are investigated and found to be strongly dependent on the post-chlorine treatment. The films have cubic zinc-blende structure and phase transformation from cubic (111) to hexagonal (002) is achieved with the MgCl2 treatment while the optical band gap is reduced. I-V characteristics reveal the linear relation between voltage and current as well as the surface roughness is varied with treatment and improved homogeneity. The deposition of CdSe thin films is confirmed by elemental analysis where Cd and Se were found to be rich with treatment. The investigated results suggest that CdSe thin films treated by MgCl2 and annealed at 320 °C may be a viable alternative absorber layer to the Cd-based solar cells.
Multi-Secondary Transformer: A Modeling Technique for Simulation - II
Patel, A.,Singh, N.P.,Gupta, L.N.,Raval, B.,Oza, K.,Thakar, A.,Parmar, D.,Dhola, H.,Dave, R.,Gupta, V.,Gajjar, S.,Patel, P.J.,Baruah, U.K. Journal of International Conference on Electrical 2014 Journal of international Conference on Electrical Vol.3 No.1
Power Transformers with more than one secondary winding are not uncommon in industrial applications. But new classes of applications where very large number of independent secondaries are used are becoming popular in controlled converters for medium and high voltage applications. Cascade H-bridge medium voltage drives and Pulse Step Modulation (PSM) based high voltage power supplies are such applications. Regulated high voltage power supplies (Fig. 1) with 35-100 kV, 5-10 MW output range with very fast dynamics (${\mu}S$ order) uses such transformers. Such power supplies are widely used in fusion research. Here series connection of isolated voltage sources with conventional switching semiconductor devices is achieved by large number of separate transformers or by single unit of multi-secondary transformer. Naturally, a transformer having numbers of secondary windings (~40) on single core is the preferred solution due to space and cost considerations. For design and simulation analysis of such a power supply, the model of a multi-secondary transformer poses special problem to any circuit analysis software as many simulation softwares provide transformer models with limited number (3-6) of secondary windings. Multi-Secondary transformer models with 3 different schemes are available. A comparison of test results from a practical Multi-secondary transformer with a simulation model using magnetic component is found to describe the behavior closer to observed test results. Earlier models assumed magnetising inductance in a linear loss less core model although in actual it is saturable core made-up of CRGO steel laminations. This article discusses a more detailed representation of flux coupled magnetic model with saturable core properties to simulate actual transformers very close to its observed parameters in test and actual usage.
A novel human cadaver model to investigate a retrourethral transobturator male sling procedure
Sean F. Mungovan,William I. Jaffe,Petra L. Graham,Manish I. Patel,Jaspreet S. Sandhu 대한비뇨의학회 2019 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.60 No.5
Purpose: To develop a cadaver model for the assessment of a male transobturator male sling (retrourethral transobturator sling [RTS], AdVance™; Boston Scientific, USA) to investigate its effect on a simulated abdominal and retrograde leak point pressures (ALPP, RLPP) and the urethral pressure profile (UPP). Materials and Methods: Three fresh frozen human male cadaver specimens were obtained. A suprapubic tube was inserted into the bladder and connected to a digital manometer to measure bladder pressure. Manual suprapubic pressure was then applied to generate an increase in intraabdominal pressure and measure a simulated ALPP. Subsequent measurements of RLPP and UPP were recorded. All measurements were undertaken prior to and following insertion of a RTS. Results: The placement of the RTS consistently increased the simulated ALPP for all three cadaver specimens when compared to baseline measures. No leaks occurred at simulated ALPP's of 170 cm H2O for specimen 1, 160 cm H2O for specimen 2, and 170 cm H2O for specimen 3. There was minimal or no change in the RLPP's and UPP's following insertion of the RTS when compared to respective baseline. Conclusions: A model using fresh unfixed cadavers that incorporates a simulated measurement of ALPP is feasible for male stress urinary incontinence surgical intervention investigations.
Patel, R.,Inamdar, A.I.,Hou, B.,Cha, S.,Ansari, A.T.,Gunjakar, J.L.,Im, H.,Kim, H. ELSEVIER 2017 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.17 No.4
<P>A nanofoam nickel cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo(OH)(2)) electrode film is fabricated on a stainless-steel substrate with the use of a simple one-step solvothermal process. The nanofoam NiCo(OH)(2) electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 2710.2 Fig at a current density.of 9.1 A/g, and a good capacity retention of similar to 70% after 2000 charge-discharge cycles at a high current density of 31.8 A/g. An energy density of 60.23 Wh/kg is obtained at a power density of 1.8 kW/kg. The excellent electrochemical energy storage performance of the NiCo(OH)(2) electrode is due to the synergetic effect of a significantly improved ionic diffusion and an effective charge transfer, which is linked to a well-dispersed interconnected nanofoam morphology and binder-free direct contact with the current collector. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>
Effect of Steam Activation Parameters on Characteristics of Pine Based Activated Carbon
S.M. Manocha,Hemang Patel,L.M. Manocha 한국탄소학회 2010 Carbon Letters Vol.11 No.3
Activated carbons are well known as adsorbents for gases and vapors. Micro porous carbons are used for the sorption/separation of light gases, whereas, carbon with bigger pore size are applied for removal of large molecules. Therefore, the control of pore size of activated carbon plays a vital role for their use in specific applications. In the present work, steam activation parameters have been varied to control pore size of the resulting activated carbon. It was found that flow rate of steam has profound effect on both surface characteristic and surface morphology. The flow rate of steam was optimized to retain monolith structure as well as higher surface area.
Silicon Carbide Coating on Graphite and Isotropic C/C Composite by Chemical Vapour Reaction
L.M. Manocha,Bharat Patel,S. Manocha 한국탄소학회 2007 Carbon Letters Vol.8 No.2
The application of Carbon and graphite based materials in unprotected environment is limited to a temperature of 450℃ or so because of their susceptibility to oxidation at this temperature and higher. To over come these obstacles a low cost chemical vapour reaction process (CVR) was developed to give crystalline and high purity SiC coating on graphite and isotropic C/C composite. CVR is most effective carbothermal reduction method for conversation of a few micron of carbon layer to SiC. In the CVR method, a sic conversation layer is formed by reaction between carbon and gaseous reagent silicon monoxide at high temperature. Characterization of SiC coating was carried out using SEM. The other properties studied were hardness density and conversion efficiency.
Silicon Carbide Coating on Graphite and Isotropic C/C Composite by Chemical Vapour Reaction
Manocha, L.M.,Patel, Bharat,Manocha, S. Korean Carbon Society 2007 Carbon Letters Vol.8 No.2
The application of Carbon and graphite based materials in unprotected environment is limited to a temperature of $450^{\circ}C$ or so because of their susceptibility to oxidation at this temperature and higher. To over come these obstacles a low cost chemical vapour reaction process (CVR) was developed to give crystalline and high purity SiC coating on graphite and isotropic C/C composite. CVR is most effective carbothermal reduction method for conversation of a few micron of carbon layer to SiC. In the CVR method, a sic conversation layer is formed by reaction between carbon and gaseous reagent silicon monoxide at high temperature. Characterization of SiC coating was carried out using SEM. The other properties studied were hardness density and conversion efficiency.
Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Adult Spinal Deformity
Akshar V. Patel,Christopher A. White,John T. Schwartz,Nicholas L. Pitaro,Kush C. Shah,Sirjanhar Singh,Varun Arvind,Jun S. Kim,Samuel K. Cho 대한척추신경외과학회 2021 Neurospine Vol.18 No.3
Outcomes for adult spinal deformity continue to improve as new technologies become integrated into clinical practice. Machine learning, robot-guided spinal surgery, and patient-specific rods are tools that are being used to improve preoperative planning and patient satisfaction. Machine learning can be used to predict complications, readmissions, and generate postoperative radiographs which can be shown to patients to guide discussions about surgery. Robot-guided spinal surgery is a rapidly growing field showing signs of greater accuracy in screw placement during surgery. Patient-specific rods offer improved outcomes through higher correction rates and decreased rates of rod breakage while decreasing operative time. The objective of this review is to evaluate trends in the literature about machine learning, robot-guided spinal surgery, and patient-specific rods in the treatment of adult spinal deformity.
Development of a 60 Hz Power Standard Using SNS Programmable Josephson Voltage Standards
Burroughs, C.J.,Benz, S.P.,Dresselhaus, P.D.,Waltrip, B.C.,Nelson, T.L.,Yonuk Chong,Williams, J.M.,Henderson, D.,Patel, P.,Palafox, L.,Behr, R. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2007 IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measureme Vol.56 No.2
<P>We are implementing a new standard for 60 Hz power measurements based on precision sinusoidal reference voltages from two independent programmable Josephson voltage standards (PJVS): one for voltage and one for current. The National Institute of Standards and Technology PJVS systems use series arrays of Josephson junctions to produce accurate quantum-based DC voltages. Using stepwise-approximation synthesis, the PJVS systems produce sinewaves with precisely calculable RMS voltage and spectral content. We present measurements and calculations that elucidate the sources of error in the RMS voltage that are intrinsic to the digital-synthesis technique and that are due to the finite rise times and transients that occur when switching between the discrete voltages. Our goal is to reduce all error sources and uncertainty contributions from the PJVS synthesized waveforms to a few parts in 10 <SUP>7</SUP> so that the overall uncertainty in the AC-power standard is a few parts in 10<SUP>6</SUP></P>