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Influence of Different Treatment Regimes of Phytoecdysteroid on Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Kumar S. Nirmal,Nair K. Sashindran,Mondal Sumana Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2007 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.14 No.1
The response of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to phytoecdysteroid (PE) when administered at different ages of $5^{th}$ instar was studied in the popular bivoltine ($CSR2{\times}CSR4$) and multi${\times}$bivoltine ($PM{\times}CSR2$) silkworm hybrids, reared on the Victory-1 variety of mulberry leaves. PE was administered to $5^{th}$ instar silkworm per os at a rate of $250{\mu}g$ per 100 larvae to different batches of silkworm at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 hrs and at the onset of cocoon spinning when a few larvae were ripe. The larval and mounting duration, cocoon yield and cocoon characters were influenced by PE. The intensity of influence was dependent on the time of application. The larvae treated at the beginning of the instar, improved the economic traits significantly with a marginal increase in larval duration. In the larvae treated at the middle of the instar, larval duration was shortened remarkably but the economic traits were adversely affected. This particular treatment can become a good management strategy in the case of mulberry leaf shortage or disease incidence. In the larvae treated at the onset of cocoon spinning, the mounting duration was substantially reduced without much effect on the cocoon traits which would be a big benefit in commercial sericulture. The physiological significance of varied response of silkworm to PE administration is discussed.
Influence of Different Treatment Regimes of Phytoecdysteroid on Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
( S. Nirmal Kumar ),( K. Sashindran Nair ),( Sumana Mondal ) 한국잠사학회 2007 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.14 No.1
The response of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to phytoecdysteroid (PE) when administered at different ages of 5th instar was studied in the popular bivoltine (CSR2 × CSR4) and multi x bivoltine (PM × CSR2) silkworm hybrids, reared on the Victory-1 variety of mulberry leaves. PE was administered to 5th instar silkworm per os at a rate of 250 μg per 100 larvae to different batches of silkworm at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 hrs and at the onset of cocoon spinning when a few larvae were ripe. The larval and mounting duration, cocoon yield and cocoon characters were influenced by PE. The intensity of influence was dependent on the time of application. The larvae treated at the beginning of the instar, improved the economic traits significantly with a marginal increase in larval duration. In the larvae treated at the middle of the instar, larval duration was shortened remarkably but the economic traits were adversely affected. This particular treatment can become a good management strategy in the case of mulberry leaf shortage or disease incidence. In the larvae treated at the onset of cocoon spinning, the mounting duration was substantially reduced without much effect on the cocoon traits which would be a big benefit in commercial sericulture. The physiological significance of varied response of silkworm to PE administration is discussed.
Kumar S. Nirmal,Nair K. Sashindran,Rabha Jagat Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2006 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.12 No.2
Use of products containing phytoecdysteroid (PE) as active principle has become popular in prominent sericultural areas of India for hastening larval maturation events and synchronizing cocoon spinning activities as an obvious advantage is assured. At times, the present recommendation of administering PE at the onset of spinning results in peak labour requirement at odd hrs. To enable making recommendation for the use of PE on $multi{\times}bivoltine$ silkworm hybrids based on the climatic conditions prevailing in different areas especially with regard to temperature, the experiment was taken up to determine proper treatment times so that the induced spinning will be more orderly and the labour can be leveraged more efficiently. Different brackets of low ($18-22^{\circ}C$), medium ($24-28^{\circ}C$) and high ($29-32^{\circ}C$) temperature were simulated during the latter half of V larval instar and cocoon spinning. PE was administered to $multi{\times}bivoltine$ silkworm ($BL67{\times}CSR101$) hybrid batches as per the recommended dose at three different times viz., 10 am, 4 pm and 10 pm. Three replicates of 100 larvae were maintained for each treatment. Absolute controls were also maintained in each temperature range to compare the results. Cumulative maturation percentage was recorded at 6 hrs interval to ascertain peak mounting span. The influence of the treatment on the cocoon traits also was studied. Based on the peak mounting span, it was evident that in low temperature 10 pm treatment would be better. In medium and high temperature, treatment at 4 pm proved to be a better option. The influence of the treatment times at different temperature range on labour management is discussed.
Oxidation of vanillin by peroxomonosulphate-thermodynamic and kinetic investigation
S. Kutti Rani,S. Nirmal Kumar,Crystal Y. Wilson,A. Gopi,D. Easwaramoorthy 한국공업화학회 2009 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.15 No.6
The oxidation of vanillin by peroxomonosulphate (PMS) in acetic acid–sodiumacetate bufferedmedium was carried out at 308 K. The rate was first order with respect to [vanillin] and [PMS]. The rate increased with increase in pH and the rate was too fast to be measured at pH 5.2. The rate increased with increase in [acetate] and the plot of kobs versus [acetate] was a straight line with positive intercept. Variation of ionic strength had no effect on the rate of the reaction. Effects of polarity were studied with five different solvents and in all the cases, log kobs versus 1/e were linear with negative slope. The reaction had been carried out at four different temperatures and the activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The product of oxidation was confirmed as vanillic acid by IR, 1H NMR and GC-MS spectral analysis. Based on the results obtained a reaction scheme had been proposed and the rate law was derived.
Effect of Phytoecdysteroid on Pure Breed Performance of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Trivedy, Kanika,Dhar, Anindita,Kumar, S.Nirmal,Nair, K.Sashindran,Ramesh, M.,Gopal, Nisha Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2003 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.7 No.1
Phytoecdysteroids with moulting hormone (MH) activity induce different responses in silkworms when used on different day of final instar, which can be manipulated for maximum benefit like early and uniform spinning behaviour, reducing crop loss and to increase cocoon yield. The results showed that application of this hormone on seed crop viz., CSR2, CSR4 and BL44 and BL67 in early stage of 5$^{th}$ instar i.e., at 72 hrs and 96 hrs though induced early and uniform spinning behaviour, there was an adverse effect by 9-36% on the economic characters like cocoon yield, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and also on fecundity etc. Application of this hormone in late stage of $5^th$ instar i.e., at the onset of spinning showed non-significant variations in some of the characters like cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell ratio and fecundity. The physiological implications of phytoecdysteroid in hastening the maturation events and synchronization of spinning activities in different breeds are discussed.
Multi-level remodeling of transcriptional landscapes in aging and longevity
( Rochelle W. Lai ),( Ryan Lu ),( Prakroothi S. Danthi ),( Juan I. Bravo ),( Alexandre Goumba ),( Nirmal Kumar Sampathkumar ),( Berenice A. Benayoun ) 생화학분자생물학회 2019 BMB Reports Vol.52 No.1
In multi-cellular organisms, the control of gene expression is key not only for development, but also for adult cellular homeostasis, and gene expression has been observed to be deregulated with aging. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the transcriptional alterations that have been described to occur with age in metazoans. First, we discuss age-related transcriptional changes in protein-coding genes, the expected functional impact of such changes, and how known pro-longevity interventions impact these changes. Second, we discuss the changes and impact of emerging aspects of transcription in aging, including age-related changes in splicing, lncRNAs and circRNAs. Third, we discuss the changes and potential impact of transcription of transposable elements with aging. Fourth, we highlight small ncRNAs and their potential impact on the regulation of aging phenotypes. Understanding the aging transcriptome will be key to identify important regulatory targets, and ultimately slow-down or reverse aging and extend healthy lifespan in humans. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(1): 86-108]
V. Jothi,Akeem Yusuf Adesina,A. Madhan Kumar,J. S. Nirmal Ram 대한금속·재료학회 2020 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.26 No.11
This study aims to evaluate the influence of dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic and succinic acid) used in anodizationbath on the surface and corrosion resistant performance of anodized films on AA2024 aerospace grade alloys. The surfacemorphology, topography, composition and structure of anodized samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy,optical profilometer, X-ray diffraction and attenuated total reflectance-infrared techniques. Characterization results revealedthe effect of dicarboxylic acids addition on the anodized film’s surface with important changes. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopicanalysis confirmed the presence of carboxylic groups on the porous anodized layer processed in anodization bathcontaining succinic acid. The electrochemical corrosion tests specified a solid relationship between the corrosion resistanceand the surface microstructure of the anodized layer processed in different dicarboxylic acids.
( Satadal Chakrabarty ),( A K Saha ),( B Manna ),( S Nirmal Kumar ) 한국잠사학회 2013 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.27 No.2
In nature, the population of Nosema bombycis (Microsporidia) causing pebrine disease is small and their development is extremely slow and only few ultimately producing spores. Pebrine infected silkworm, Bombyx mori larvae collected from sericulture field were alive till 3rd generation though the concentration of N.bombycis spore was very high (2.4 - 3.0 x 108 spores. mL-1). All larvae were died during 4th generation with extremely high concentration of pebrine spores (3.0 - 4.0 x 109 spores. mL-1) and mostly contain long polar tube (LT). Alternately, all larvae were died immediately (at 3rd stage of 1st generation) when it was artificially inoculated with same concentration of N.bombycis spores harvested from field (2.4 - 3.0 x 108 spores. mL-1) though concentration of spores harvest was very less (3.0- 4.0 x 106 spores. mL-1) and mostly contain short polar tube (ST). Artificially pebrine infected male moth when mated with healthy female moth took six generations to develop pebrine disease and all larvae were died at the 2nd stage with very less spore harvest (3.0 - 10.0 x 105 spores. mL -1). Survival percentage was increased in all generations (~92.0% at 4th generation) when silkworm rearing was conducted under new integrated disease management system.