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Solubilization and formulation of chrysosplenol C in solid dispersion with hydrophilic carriers
Ng, C.L.,Lee, S.E.,Lee, J.K.,Kim, T.H.,Jang, W.S.,Choi, J.S.,Kim, Y.H.,Kim, J.K.,Park, J.S. Elsevier/North Holland 2016 International journal of pharmaceutics Vol.512 No.1
We investigated how to overcome problems associated with the solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug compound, chrysosplenol C (CRSP), as well as the effects of single and binary hydrophilic polymers (PVP K-25 and/or PEG 6000) on the solubility and dissolution parameters of CRSP. Then an optimized formulation was further developed with a surfactant. To select a surfactant suitable for a CRSP-loaded solid dispersion (SD), the solubility of CRSP in distilled water containing 1% surfactant was compared with the solubilities in other surfactants. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) showed the highest drug solubility. Overall, a formulation containing CRSP, binary hydrophilic polymers (PVP and PEG 6000), and SLS at a ratio of 2.0/0.2/1.1/0.7 showed the optimum in vitro release profile. This optimized formulation had better safety properties than pure CRSP in cell viability examinations. SD formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Our optimized SD formulation is expected to improve the bioavailability of CRPS because it improves the solubility and dissolution rate of CRSP.
Characterization of polymer electrolytes based on high molecular weight PVC and Li2SO4
S. Ramesh,K.Y. Ng 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.3
The polymer–salt complex with high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the host polymer and lithium sulphate (Li2SO4) as the dopant salt are constructed in the form of thin film. Ionic conductivity studies in the temperature range of 303–373 K are performed for polymer complexes with 75% and 85% PVC. Arrhenius and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) behaviour was observed before and after the Tg of polymer, respectively. Dielectric constant and electrical modulus were analyzed and it was concluded that the films had ion conducting potential. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study confirmed that complexation occurred between PVC and Li2SO4. The polymer–salt complex with high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the host polymer and lithium sulphate (Li2SO4) as the dopant salt are constructed in the form of thin film. Ionic conductivity studies in the temperature range of 303–373 K are performed for polymer complexes with 75% and 85% PVC. Arrhenius and Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) behaviour was observed before and after the Tg of polymer, respectively. Dielectric constant and electrical modulus were analyzed and it was concluded that the films had ion conducting potential. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study confirmed that complexation occurred between PVC and Li2SO4.
Variable Bi-Level Phase-Shifted Driving Method for High-Power RGB LED Lamps
S. K. Ng,K. H. Loo,Y. M. Lai,K. T. Mok,Chi K. Tse 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5
Based on the recently proposed bi-level driving method, this paper presents an extended version of the existing method, which is aimed at maximizing the luminous output of high-power LED lamps by piecewise-linear tracing of their luminous output curves under AM (amplitude modulation) driving. The proposed driving method divides the luminous output curve of an AM-driven LED into a multiple sections, where each section is approximated by a straight line with two predefined end-points acting as the lower and upper current levels as used in the existing bi-level driving method. The intermediate current and luminosity values lying between the upper and lower current levels are obtained by duty cycle mixing of the two current levels. The joined multiple sections has enabled a near-maximum luminous output to be extracted from the LED while a linear dimming is realized within each section. The proposed driving method is verified by implementation in a single-driver RGB color LED lighting system with the red, green, and blue LED driven in a time-sequential manner (or shifted in phase). Experimental results show that a significant gain in luminous efficacy, hence energy saving, is achieved compared to the commonly used pulse-width modulation (PWM) driving.
S.Y. Ng,K. Cheung,H.L. Cheng 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10
The importance of fostering critical thinking (CT) in nursing education is highly recognized worldwide. Despite this, CT studies of Asian nursing students are limited, particularly for students studying associate degree (AD) in health-related studies, with whom majority would continue their studies in nursing after graduation. Aim(s): To investigate CT abilities and dispositions among these AD students and to determine the associated factors with their CT cognitive skills. Method(s): A convenience sample of 80 health-related AD students from a community college in Hong Kong were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The valid and reliable study questionnaire included the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), and students’ profiles. Correlation analysis was performed by using SPSS 26.0. Result(s): The mean age of the students was 19.38±0.97, with 67.5% (n=54) were female. The mean CCTST scores was 17.93±4.23 and the five subscales: induction, deduction, analysis, inference and evaluation were all in moderate level. The mean CCTDI score was 277.76±20.78 and positive disposition towards CT was shown in only four subscales: open-mindedness, analyticity, confidence in reasoning and inquisitiveness. There was a significant moderate correlation between students’ overall CCTST scores and other variables including university admission examination total score (r=0.260, p<0.001), Chinese score (r=0.136, p=0.049), GPA (r=0.166, p=0.016), CT subject grade point (r=0.226, p=0.001) and CCTDI subscales: truth seeking (r=0.251, p<0.001), analyticity (r=0.208, p=0.003), inquisitiveness (r=0.200, p=0.004) and maturity of judgement (r=0.249, p<0.001). Conclusion(s): This is probably the first study to investigate the CT among AD students studying in health-related studies. The results showed that the factors associated with their CT cognitive skills were multifactorial. Strategies tackling these factors should be developed to strengthen their CT. Future studies should also involve more community colleges.