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      • KCI등재

        Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of novel heterocyclic quaternary ammonium surfactants

        Mahantesh Jadhav,Rahul S. Kalhapure,Sanjeev Rambharose,Chunderika Mocktar,Thirumala Govender 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.47 No.-

        This work reports two new classes of non-toxic heterocyclic quaternary ammonium surfactants (HQASs)synthesized by condensation of a series of fatty acids with 2-morpholinoethan-1-amine and pyridin-4-ylmethanamine, followed by quaternization with benzyl bromide. Their critical micelle concentration(CMC), Krafft temperature (Tk), emulsion stability and foaming properties were determined. The CMCvalues of HQASs ranged from 0.24 to 0.55 mM/L. In vitro antibacterial activity studies revealed that theHQASs possessing unsaturated hydrocarbon chains exhibited activity against all the tested bacteria(minimum inhibitory concentration = 31.25–500 mg/mL) whereas, those possessing saturated hydrocar-bon chains did not exhibit any activity

      • SCOPUSKCI등재

        Investigating Organ Toxicity Profile of Tenofovir and Tenofovir Nanoparticle on the Liver and Kidney: Experimental Animal Study

        Peter, Aniekan Imo,Naidu, Edwin CS,Akang, Edidiong,Ogedengbe, Oluwatosin O,Offor, Ugochukwu,Rambharose, Sanjeev,Kalhapure, Rahul,Chuturgoon, Anil,Govender, Thirumala,Azu, Onyemaechi O Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2018 Toxicological Research Vol.34 No.3

        Tenofovir nanoparticles are novel therapeutic intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reaching the virus in their sanctuary sites. However, there has been no systemic toxicity testing of this formulation despite global concerns on the safety of nano drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity of Tenofovir nanoparticle (NTDF) on the liver and kidney using an animal model. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats maintained at the animal house of the biomedical resources unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal were weighed and divided into three groups. Control animals (A) were administered with normal saline (NS). The therapeutic doses of Tenofovir (TDF) and nanoparticles of Tenofovir (NTDF) were administered to group B and C and observed for signs of stress for four weeks after which animals were weighed and sacrificed. Liver and kidney were removed and fixed in formal saline, processed and stained using H/E, PAS and MT stains for light microscopy. Serum was obtained for renal function test (RFT) and liver function test (LFT). Cellular measurements and capturing were done using ImageJ and Leica software 2.0. Data were analysed using graph pad 6, p values < 0.05 were significant. We observed no signs of behavioural toxicity and no mortality during this study, however, in the kidneys, we reported mild morphological perturbations widening of Bowman's space, and vacuolations in glomerulus and tubules of TDF and NTDF animals. Also, there was a significant elevation of glycogen deposition in NTDF and TDF animals when compared with control. In the liver, there were mild histological changes with widening of sinusoidal spaces, vacuolations in hepatocytes and elevation of glycogen deposition in TDF and NTDF administered animals. In addition to this, there were no significant differences in stereological measurements and cell count, LFT, RFT, weight changes and organo-somatic index between treatment groups and control. In conclusion, NTDF and TDF in therapeutic doses can lead to mild hepatic and renal histological damage. Further studies are needed to understand the precise genetic mechanism.

      • KCI등재

        Investigating Organ Toxicity Profile of Tenofovir and Tenofovir Nanoparticle on the Liver and Kidney

        Aniekan Imo Peter,Edwin CS Naidu,Edidiong Akang,Oluwatosin O Ogedengbe,Ugochukwu Offor,Sanjeev Rambharose,Rahul Kalhapure,Anil Chuturgoon,Thirumala Govender,Onyemaechi O Azu 한국독성학회 2018 Toxicological Research Vol.34 No.3

        Tenofovir nanoparticles are novel therapeutic intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reaching the virus in their sanctuary sites. However, there has been no systemic toxicity testing of this formulation despite global concerns on the safety of nano drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity of Tenofovir nanoparticle (NTDF) on the liver and kidney using an animal model. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats maintained at the animal house of the biomedical resources unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal were weighed and divided into three groups. Control animals (A) were administered with normal saline (NS). The therapeutic doses of Tenofovir (TDF) and nanoparticles of Tenofovir (NTDF) were administered to group B and C and observed for signs of stress for four weeks after which animals were weighed and sacrificed. Liver and kidney were removed and fixed in formal saline, processed and stained using H/E, PAS and MT stains for light microscopy. Serum was obtained for renal function test (RFT) and liver function test (LFT). Cellular measurements and capturing were done using ImageJ and Leica software 2.0. Data were analysed using graph pad 6, p values < 0.05 were significant. We observed no signs of behavioural toxicity and no mortality during this study, however, in the kidneys, we reported mild morphological perturbations widening of Bowman’s space, and vacuolations in glomerulus and tubules of TDF and NTDF animals. Also, there was a significant elevation of glycogen deposition in NTDF and TDF animals when compared with control. In the liver, there were mild histological changes with widening of sinusoidal spaces, vacuolations in hepatocytes and elevation of glycogen deposition in TDF and NTDF administered animals. In addition to this, there were no significant differences in stereological measurements and cell count, LFT, RFT, weight changes and organo-somatic index between treatment groups and control. In conclusion, NTDF and TDF in therapeutic doses can lead to mild hepatic and renal histological damage. Further studies are needed to understand the precise genetic mechanism.

      • KCI등재

        Oral mucormycosis in an 18-month-old child: a rare case report with a literature review

        Ritesh Rambharos Kalaskar,Ashita Ritesh Kalaskar,Sindhu Ganvir 대한구강악안면외과학회 2016 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.42 No.2

        Oral mucormycosis is a fungal infection observed mainly in elderly immunocompromised patients. In rare instances, the disease occurs in healthy individuals and those patients that are below preschool age. Although this condition mainly involves the maxilla, it may also manifest in any part of the oral cavity based on the source of infection. Mucormycosis of the maxilla spreads rapidly, leading to necrosis of the palatal bone and palatal perforation. Such patients are usually rehabilitated using bone grafting or free flap surgeries. However, when surgeries are delayed, palatal prosthesis is an interim treatment modality that can prevent nasal regurgitation and aspiration of food or fluids. Palatal prostheses also help with mastication, speech, and swallowing. The present case describes a rare case of oral mucormycosis in an 18-month-old male involving the maxilla that was managed by palatal prosthesis.

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