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Sarkar, Sanjay,Bailey, Ernest,Go, Yun Young,Cook, R. Frank,Kalbfleisch, Ted,Eberth, John,Chelvarajan, R. Lakshman,Shuck, Kathleen M.,Artiushin, Sergey,Timoney, Peter J.,Balasuriya, Udeni B. R. Public Library of Science 2016 PLoS genetics Vol.12 No.12
<▼1><P>Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of horses and other equid species. Following natural infection, 10–70% of the infected stallions can become persistently infected and continue to shed EAV in their semen for periods ranging from several months to life. Recently, we reported that some stallions possess a subpopulation(s) of CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocytes that are susceptible to <I>in vitro</I> EAV infection and that this phenotypic trait is associated with long-term carrier status following exposure to the virus. In contrast, stallions not possessing the CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocyte susceptible phenotype are at less risk of becoming long-term virus carriers. A genome wide association study (GWAS) using the Illumina Equine SNP50 chip revealed that the ability of EAV to infect CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocytes and establish long-term carrier status in stallions correlated with a region within equine chromosome 11. Here we identified the gene and mutations responsible for these phenotypes. Specifically, the work implicated three allelic variants of the equine orthologue of <I>CXCL16</I> (<I>EqCXCL16</I>) that differ by four non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions (XM_00154756; c.715 A → T, c.801 G → C, c.804 T → A/G, c.810 G → A) within exon 1. This resulted in four amino acid changes with EqCXCL16S (XP_001504806.1) having Phe, His, Ile and Lys as compared to EqCXL16R having Tyr, Asp, Phe, and Glu at 40, 49, 50, and 52, respectively. Two alleles (<I>EqCXCL16Sa</I>, <I>EqCXCL16Sb</I>) encoded identical protein products that correlated strongly with long-term EAV persistence in stallions (P<0.000001) and are required for <I>in vitro</I> CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocyte susceptibility to EAV infection. The third (<I>EqCXCL16R</I>) was associated with <I>in vitro</I> CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocyte resistance to EAV infection and a significantly lower probability for establishment of the long-term carrier state (viral persistence) in the male reproductive tract. <I>EqCXCL16Sa</I> and <I>EqCXCL16Sb</I> exert a dominant mode of inheritance. Most importantly, the protein isoform EqCXCL16S but not EqCXCL16R can function as an EAV cellular receptor. Although both molecules have equal chemoattractant potential, EqCXCL16S has significantly higher scavenger receptor and adhesion properties compared to EqCXCL16R.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>A variable proportion of EAV infected stallions (10–70%) may become persistently infected and continuously shed the virus exclusively in their semen after recovery from acute infection. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that stallions with the CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocyte susceptibility phenotype to <I>in vitro</I> EAV infection are at higher risk of becoming persistently infected carriers compared to those that lack this phenotype. Here genetic and experimental studies were used to demonstrate that <I>CXCL16</I> in the horse codes for two proteins, one associated with resistance and the other associated with susceptibility of CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocytes to EAV infection. The two proteins are the result of four nucleotide substitutions in exon 1 of the equine <I>CXCL16</I> gene. These alleles determine the outcome of <I>in vitro</I> infection of CD3<SUP>+</SUP> T lymphocytes with EAV and are strongly associated with the establishment and maintenance of long-term carrier state in stallions. <I>In vitro</I> studies demonstrated that one form of CXCL16 protein (CXCL16S) is one of the cellular receptors for EAV and has higher scavenger activity and adhesion ability as compared to the form of the protein associated with resistance (CXCL16R).</P></▼2>
Concurrent Presence of Thoracolumbar Scoliosis and Chiari Malformation: Is Operative Risk Magnified?
Naessig Sara,Tretiakov Peter,Patel Karan,Ahmad Waleed,Pierce Katherine,Kummer Nicholas,Joujon-Roche Rachel,Imbo Bailey,Williamson Tyler,Krol Oscar,Janjua Muhammad Burhan,Vira Shaleen,Diebo Bassel,Sciu 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.4
Study Design: Retrospective review of Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID).Purpose: Identify the risks and complications associated with surgery in adolescents diagnosed with Chiari and scoliosis.Overview of Literature: Scoliosis is frequently associated with Chiari malformation (CM). More specifically, reports have been made about this association with CM type I in the absence of syrinx status.Methods: The KID was used to identify all pediatric inpatients with CM and scoliosis. The patients were stratified into three groups: those with concomitant CM and scoliosis (CMS group), those with only CM (CM group), and those with only scoliosis (Sc group). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess association between surgical characteristics and diagnosis with complication rate.Results: A total of 90,707 spine patients were identified (61.8% Sc, 37% CM, 1.2% CMS). Sc patients were older, had a higher invasiveness score, and higher Charlson comorbidity index (all <i>p</i><0.001). CMS patients had significantly higher rates of surgical decompression (36.7%). Sc patients had significantly higher rates of fusions (35.3%) and osteotomies (1.2%, all <i>p</i><0.001). Controlling for age and invasiveness, postoperative complications were significantly associated with spine fusion surgery for Sc patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; <i>p</i><0.05). Specifically, posterior spinal fusion in the thoracolumbar region had a greater risk of complications (OR, 4.9) than an anterior approach (OR, 3.6; all <i>p</i><0.001). CM patients had a significant risk of complications when an osteotomy was performed as part of their surgery (OR, 2.9) and if a spinal fusion was concurrently performed (OR, 1.8; all <i>p</i><0.05). Patients in the CMS cohort were significantly likely to develop postoperative complications if they underwent a spinal fusion from both anterior (OR, 2.5) and posterior approach (OR, 2.7; all <i>p</i><0.001).Conclusions: Having concurrent scoliosis and CM increases operative risk for fusion surgeries despite approach. Being independently inflicted with scoliosis or Chiari leads to increased complication rate when paired with thoracolumbar fusion and osteotomies; respectively.
Farman Ullah,Inamullah Khan,Hart, Robert-Spooner,Peter Bailey,Khalil, Said-Khan Korean Society of Applied Entomology 2002 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.5 No.1
Morphological features of the ladybird beetle Stethorus vegans (Blackburn) were studied at 25 $\pm$ $2^{\circ}$ with a photoperiod of 16L: 8D. All stages of S. vahans were examined under a stereo-zoom microscope. Newly laid eggs were translucent white, turning pale yellow after 4-5 hours. The mean egg dimension was 0.36 x 0.19 mm. Eggs laid by unmated females did not hatch or show any signs of development. Newly emerged larvae were white in color, but soon became pale creamy-white. There were four larval instars, which were differentiated from each other by the presence of exuviae and differences in head capsule size. The pre-pupa, not a distinct stage in the life cycle but a quiescent period at the end of the 4th larval instar, lasted for several hours. Pupae were oval, flattened and black-brown with (me hair like setae on their dorsal sides with a mean length and width of 1.06 x 0.74 mm. The adults were oval, convex and black with small yellow setae on their dorsal side.