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Shot length distributions in the short films of Laurel and Hardy, 1927 to 1933
Nick Redfern(닉 레드펀) 동국대학교 영상미디어센터 2012 씨네포럼 Vol.0 No.14
스탠 로렐과 올리버 하디는 1920년 후반 무성영화시대에서 유성영화시대로의 전환기에 성공적으로 살아남은 몇 안되는 코미디 배우라고 할 수 있다. 로렐과 하디 영화에서 음향 기술의 영향은 1927년에서 1929년 사이에 제작된 무성단편영화(n = 12)와 1929년과 1933년 사이에 제작된 유성단편영화(n = 20)의 평균 샷 길이와 샷 길이의 분산을 비교함으로써 분석된다. 그 결과에 따르면, 무성영화의 평균 샷 길이(중앙값 = 3.5s [3.2, 3.7 95% CI])와 유성영화의 평균 샷 길이(중앙값 = 3.9s [95% CI : 3.5, 4.3]) 사이에 큰 차이(U = 56.0, p = 0.0128, PS = 0.2333)가 있음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 이 결과(HLΔ = 0.5s (95% CI : 0.1, 1.1)는 유성영화에서 샷의 길이가 증가함을 보여주고 있다. 유성영화(중앙값= 3.0s [95% CI: 2.6, 3.4])와 무성영화(중앙값 = 2.4s [2.1, 2.7 95% CI])에 대한 Qn의 비교는 통계적으로 의미있는 증가가 HLΔ = 0.6s (95% CI : 0.1, 1.1)으로 추정된 샷 길이(U = 54.5, p = 0.0109, PS = 0.2271)의 분산이라는 것을 보여주고 있다. 비록 통계적으로 중요하지만, 이러한 차이는 영화 스타일과 음향 기술의 다른 정량 분석에 보고된 것보다 작다. 이것은 할 로치의 판토마임에 대한 위임과 로렐, 하디, 그리고 그들의 제작팀의 작업방법에 대한 역할, 사운드에 소홀한 로치의 제작 관행 등에서 찾을 수 있다. Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy were one of the few comedy acts to successfully make the transition from the silent era to sound cinema in the late-1920s. The impact of sound technology on Laurel and Hardy films is analysed by comparing the median shot lengths and the dispersion of shot lengths of silent shorts (n = 12) produced from 1927 to 1929 inclusive, and sound shorts (n = 20) produced from 1929 to 1933, inclusive. The results show that there is a significant difference (U = 56.0, p = 0.0128, PS = 0.2333) between the median shot lengths of the silent films (median = 3.5s [95% CI: 3.2, 3.7]) and those of the sound films (median = 3.9s [95% CI: 3.5, 4.3]); and this represents an increase in shot lengths in the sound films by HLΔ = 0.5s (95% CI: 0.1, 1.1). The comparison of Qn for the silent films (median = 2.4s [95% CI: 2.1, 2.7]) with the sound films (median = 3.0s [95% CI: 2.6, 3.4]) reveals a statistically significant increase is the dispersion of shot lengths (U = 54.5, p = 0.0109, PS = 0.2271) estimated to be HLΔ = 0.6s (95% CI: 0.1, 1.1). Although statistically significant, these differences are smaller than those reported in other quantitative analyses of film style and sound technology, and this may be attributed to Hal Roach’s commitment to pantomime, the working methods of Laurel, Hardy, and their writing/producing team, and the continuity of personnel in Roach’s unit mode of production which did not change substantially with the introduction of sound.
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Subcommander Marcos’ Discourse on Mexico’s Intellectual Class
Nick Henck 한국라틴아메리카학회 2012 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.25 No.1
This paper traces the trajectory of Subcommander Marcos’ attitude toward Mexico’s intellectual class as revealed in a discourse spanning almost three decades (1980-2009). It argues that Marcos’ attitude was neither sweepingly anti-intellectual, nor static: rather, it was nuanced and embodied continuities and progressions. Marcos’ approach toward intellectuals is shown to have been influenced not merely by his personal attitude but also by external political developments. This paper also engages with the question of to what extent Marcos himself can be deemed an intellectual, and contextualizes him within a tradition of intellectuals who have concerned themselves with the role of the intellectual in society.
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Attainment of Lipid Targets Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Can We Do Better?
Nick S. R. Lan,Umar S. Ali,Bu B. Yeap,Peter Gerry Fegan,Robert Larbalestier,Damon A. Bell 한국지질동맥경화학회 2022 지질·동맥경화학회지 Vol.11 No.2
Objective Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remain at high cardiovascular risk; however, few studies have evaluated lipid management and attainment of lipid targets in these patients. We investigated the proportion of CABG surgery patients who attained low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) targets. Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from patients undergoing CABG surgery at an Australian tertiary hospital between February 2015 and August 2020. The most recent lipid profile was recorded (at least 3 weeks post-operatively). We studied patients with electronically available data to ensure accuracy. Target LDL-C was defined as <1.4 (54 mg/dL) and <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL), and target non-HDL-C as <2.2 (85 mg/dL) and <2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), as per the 2019 and 2016 European dyslipidaemia guidelines, respectively. Results Follow-up lipid results were available for 484 patients (median post-operative follow-up, 483 days; interquartile range, 177.5–938.75 days). The mean age was 62.7±10.5 years and 387 (80.1%) were male. At discharge, 469 (96.9%) patients were prescribed statins, 425 (90.6%) high-intensity. Ezetimibe was prescribed for 62 (12.8%) patients and a proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitor for 1. LDL-C levels <1.4 and <1.8 mmol/L were attained in 118 (24.4%) and 231 (47.7%) patients, respectively, and non-HDL-C levels <2.2 and <2.6 mmol/L in 140 (28.9%) and 237 (49.0%) patients, respectively. Conclusion The use of non-statin lipid-lowering therapies was limited, and many CABG surgery patients did not attain lipid targets despite high-intensity statins. Further studies are required to optimise lipid management in this very high-risk population.
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Pharmacodynamic principles and the time course of delayed and cumulative drug effects
Nick Holford 대한임상약리학회 2018 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.26 No.2
This tutorial reviews the principles of the concentration . effect relationship for the usual casewhen drug effects are delayed relative to changes in circulating concentrations. The key processesdetermining delay are distribution from the circulation to the receptor, binding to the receptorto produce a stimulus and translation of the receptor stimulus into an effect through turnover ofphysiological mediators. Some clinical outcomes are dependent on the accumulation of drug actionwhich is predictable in terms of basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts.
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Treatment response and disease progression
Nick Holford 대한임상약리학회 2019 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.27 No.4
This tutorial defines the concepts of disease progression in the context of clinical pharmacology. Disease progression describes the natural history of disease, such as pain, or biomarker of drugresponse, such as blood pressure. The action of a drug, such as inhibiting an enzyme or activating areceptor, leads to a change in disease status over time. Two main types of drug response can be definedbased on the pattern of the time course of disease status. The most common is a symptomaticeffect equivalent to a shift up or down of the natural history curve. Less common but quite clinicallyimportant is a disease-modifying effect equivalent to a change in the rate of disease progression.
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