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李明熱,吳賢宇,崔承允,禹建錫 서울대학교농과대학농업개발연구소 1989 서울대농학연구지 Vol.14 No.1
In order to employ the honeybees (Apis mellifera) profitably as insect-pollinators, the factors governing their diurnal foraging activity, the patterns of diurnal flight activity at the hive entrance and the seasonal fluctuation of colony size were examined. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. There was a maximum flight activity at the hive entrance between 11h and 15h during the spring and fall but it was between 08h and 09h or 16h and 17h during the summer. This activity highly correlated with the solar energy(Mj/m²) during the spring and fall. 2. The brood area and colony weight developed to the maximum in early July but total number of flying bees at the hive entrance reached the peak early in May, and decreased in June but increased again late in July. 3. The higher the degree of flowering developed, the more active the foraging behavior. Though the degree of flowering was similar in different varieties, the foraging preference in the apple blossoms differed with varieties. 4. The amount of nectar per flower was variable with time hours, age of flowers and plant varieties. 5. The number of honeybees collecting only the nectar in the apple blossoms increased in the afternoon. Foraging behavior in the pear blossoms changed with the varieties and the numbers of honeybees collecting only the pollen (66%) or only the nectar (31%) did not change with time in the peach blossoms. 6. The diurnal foraging activities of honeybees on eight honey plants highly correlated with the solar energy but temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were not.
미토콘드리아 DNA 증폭을 이용한 한국의 잎응애속(Tetranychus, Acarina: Tetranychidae) 4종의 동정방법
Myeong-Lyeol LEE,Mun-Hong LEE 한국응용곤충학회 1997 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.36 No.1
미국과 캐나다는 한국에 분포하는 잎응애속(Tetranychus)중 범세계적 분포종인 점박이응애(T. urticae Koch)를 제외한 벚나무응애(Tetranychus vienensis Zacher), 차응애(T. kanzawai Kishida), 뽕나무응애(T. truncatus Ehara)를 검역대항으로 하고 있다. 잎응애속 응애들은 암컷성충으로 월동휴면에 들어가는데 기존의 수컷생색기의 형태를 위주로 한 동정방법으로는 이 휴면태의 암컷을 정확히 동정하기 어렵다. 월동을 위해 사과 과실 꼭지부에 우발적으로 부착할 가능성이 있는 것으로 우려되는 잎응애속 응애들의 월동휴면태에 대한 신속, 정확한 동정법이 수출검역현장에서 절실히 요구되는 실정이다. 사과의 주요해충인 점박이응애와 과수원 주변에서 발견되는 벚나무응애, 뽕나무응애, 차응애의 미토콘드리아 DNA(mtDNA)내 cytochrome oxidase subunit I(CO-I) 유전자를 PCR로 증폭하고 증폭된 DNA의 종간 변이를 이용하여 발육영기나 암수에 관계없이 동정할 수 있는 방법을 찾는 연구를 수행하였다. 세쌍의 primer에 의해 미토콘드리아 DNA의 CO-I 유전자 일부(680 bp)를 중복되게 증폭하였고 증폭된 유전자는 제한효소 AluI, DdeI, Sau3A 대하여 응애종간 특이적 인식부위를 가지고 있었다. 제한효소에 의해 절단되는 특이적 DNA 단편은 Tetranychus 응애류를 동정하는데 유용한 표식인자로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 증폭한 CO-I 유전자내의 제한효소 인식부위에 대한 이들 4종 응애의 유전자지도를 작성하였다. Except for a cosmopolitan and major pest of apples, Tetranychus urticae Koch, Tetranychus mites in Korea such as T. viennensis Zaher, T. kanzawai Kishida, and T. truncams Ehara have been considered as quarantine pests by Canada and United States. Even though these mites are not feeders on apples, they are suspected to attach accidentally on apple h i t s in autumn as females enter the diapause. The characters used to identify Tetranychus mites have been confined to the shape of aedeagus in adult male. To develope a fast and accurate alternative identification protocol applied to hibernating female mites on apples, their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were examined to find out any polymorphisms to discriminate each species from the other ones. Three pairs of primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to amplify cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO-I) coding region in mitochondrial DNA5 of four species of Tetranycus mites. The longest amplified product was estimated its size as about 680 bp. Digestion with restriction enzymes, AluI, Ddel, and Sau3A, showed length polymorphisms, which will he useful as diagnostic markers to identify Tetranychus mites. Schematic restriction maps in amplified region were shown for each species.
Lee, Myeong-Lyeol,De Barro, Paul J. 한국곤충학회 2000 Entomological Research Vol.30 No.2
최근 산청의 콩(Glycine max; KRG), 고양의 포인세티아(Euphorbia pulcherrima.; KRP), 진천의 장미(Rosa hybrida; KRR)에서 발견된 담배가루이 (Bemisa tabaci)의 biotype을 미토콘드리아 16S rRNA의 염기서열 분석을 통해 판별하였다. 일본, 이스라엘, 호주, 미국 등 전세계 담배가루이 7개체군의 염기서열과 비교한 결과, 포인세티아(KRP)와 장미(HRR)개체군은 미국의 아리조나, 호주, 이스라엘, 일본에 분포하는 B biotype과 동일한 염기서열을 나타내었다. 콩(KRG)에서 채집된 담배가루이는 일본의 시코쿠섬에서 발생한 담배가루이와 같은 염기서열을 보였는데, 한국과 일본의 이들 개체군은 기존의 연구결과에서 중국의 하이난, 터키, 인도북부의 개체군들과 같은 그룹에 위치하는 non-B biotype이었다. 일본 이시가키섬의 담배가루이는 타 개체군들과 다른 제3의 유전형을 보유하였다. 16S rRNA의 염기서열에 의한 이들 전체 11개 개체군들의 상호간 유전적 유사도와 계통 유연관계가 추정되었다 The identity of biotypes of Bemisia tabaci, recently found in Korea, were determined using a partial sequence of its mitochondrial 16S rRNA. The samples of B. tabaci collected from Gtycine max (KRG), Euphorbia pulchenima (KRP), and Rosa hybpida (KBR) were compared with seven previously identified populations from Japan, Israel, Australia, and the USA. The sequences from both KRP and KRR were identical to those of B biotypes distributed in Arizona, Australia, Israel, and Japan. The sequence obtained from KRG was identical to that obtained from a population on Shikoku Island, Japan. These two populations are non-B biotype and in an earlier study have been shown to belong to the same clade as populations from Hainan, Turkey and northern India. A third distinct genotype was also found in a population from Ishigaki Island, Japan. The genetic distance in pairwise comparison and a phylogenetic tree inferred from 16S rRNA sequences are shown.
Lee, Myeong-Lyeol,Lee, Soo-Jong,Kwon, Yong-Jung Korean Society of Applied Entomology 1999 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.2 No.2
To understand the evolutionary relationship among six Tetranychus species in Korea, 598 nucleotides of cytochrome oxidase subunit I(COI) were sequenced and analyzed. The sequences were extremely rich in A+T(77% on average). The nucleotide differences in pairwise comparison among species ranged from 6.7% to 14.9%. Nucleotide substitutions based on all pairwise comparison showed 55% of transversions. The largest genetic distance was found between species T.viennensis and T.piercei. The inferred phylogenetic tree indicates that T. urticae, T. cinnabarinus and T.kanzawai are clustered together and showing sister-group relationship with T. truncatus at the highest boostrap support. T. viennensis showed the largest genetic distance from all other species. T.piercei, a species recently found in Korea, was also distinct fro the group composed of four species and also from T.viennensi. The restriction sites of Alu I, Dde I and Sau 3A were searched in the sequences of COI. The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in COI genes and intraspecific variabilities of three restriction sites in diverse colonies of each species collected from different locations and various host plants were shown.
Myeong-Lyeol Lee,Yong Soo Choi,Won Tae Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2008 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.10
Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is the most injurious parasitic pest of honeybee in the world. Varroa mites had been originally external parasites of Asian honeybee (Apis cerana Fab.) in south eastern Asia. They jumped to European honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by 1963. Since then they have killed millions of European honeybee colony, which might be susceptible to them, in Asia, Europe, America, and Africa. Also in Korea since Varroa mites were first found in 1968, they have been destructive pests in most of A. mellifera apiaries. Varroa destructor commonly infesting the European honeybees was classified in 2000 as a different species from the Varroa jacobsoni originally identified on Asian honeybees. Varroa mites not only feed the haemolymph of bees, but also introduce virulent viral diseases, and interrupt the development of bee colony. The other external parasitic mite, Tropilaelaps clarea Delfinado & Baker, which was introduced in 1994 from China, has widely spread and also brought damages on honeybees.