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Evaluation of the Oral Acute Toxicity of Black Ginseng in Rats
Mi-Ra Lee,Chang-Jin Oh,Zheng Li,Jing-Jie Li,Chun-Yan Wang,Zhen Wang,Li-Juan Gu,Sang-Hwa Lee,Jae-Il Lee,Beong-Ou Lim,Chang-Keun Sung 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1
We studied the acute oral toxicity of black ginseng (BG) produced by heat process in rats. Single acute BG extract doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/㎏ dissolved in saline were administered by oral gavage and the animals were kept under observation for 14 days. The single administration of BG extract up to 15 g/㎏ did not produce mortality, behavioral change or abnormal clinical signs in the rats. These results indicated that the oral LD?? of the BG extract in the rats is higher than 15 g/㎏. Compared to the control group, no treatment-related biologically signifi cant effects of BG extract were noted in the measurements of the body weight or food intake. At the end of the period, the biochemical parameters and hematological parameters were analyzed in the plasma and blood. A histopathological examination of the liver and kidney was also conducted. Only the blood nitrogen urea and potassium levels in the biochemical indices showed signifi cant differences at 10 and 15 g/㎏ doses of BG extract compared to the control group. These changes were not considered to be due to the toxicity. None of the other clinical chemistry parameters were affected. Therefore, these results indicate that the BG by heat processing is virtually nontoxic.
Evaluation of the Oral Acute Toxicity of Black Ginseng in Rats
Lee, Mi-Ra,Oh, Chang-Jin,Li, Zheng,Li, Jing-Jie,Wang, Chun-Yan,Wang, Zhen,Gu, Li-Juan,Lee, Sang-Hwa,Lee, Jae-Il,Lim, Beong-Ou,Sung, Chang-Keun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1
We studied the acute oral toxicity of black ginseng (BG) produced by heat process in rats. Single acute BG extract doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg dissolved in saline were administered by oral gavage and the animals were kept under observation for 14 days. The single administration of BG extract up to 15 g/kg did not produce mortality, behavioral change or abnormal clinical signs in the rats. These results indicated that the oral $LD_{50}$ of the BG extract in the rats is higher than 15 g/kg. Compared to the control group, no treatment-related biologically significant effects of BG extract were noted in the measurements of the body weight or food intake. At the end of the period, the biochemical parameters and hematological parameters were analyzed in the plasma and blood. A histopathological examination of the liver and kidney was also conducted. Only the blood nitrogen urea and potassium levels in the biochemical indices showed significant differences at 10 and 15 g/kg doses of BG extract compared to the control group. These changes were not considered to be due to the toxicity. None of the other clinical chemistry parameters were affected. Therefore, these results indicate that the BG by heat processing is virtually nontoxic.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Chitosan Long Chain Alkylester Derivatives
( Bo Mi Kim ),( Lok Ranjan Bhatt ),( Chai Young An ),( Geu Beum Kwak ),( Young Hang Lee ),( Tae Ou Kwon ),( Kyu Yun Chai ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2010 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.15 No.4
Present study describes preparation of a series of acylated chitosan derivatives: chitosan heptanoate, chitosan heptanoate, chitosan octanoate and chitosan decanoate by reacting chitosan with TFAA and corresponding carboxylic acids. The resulting products were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, DSC and SEM. The results showed that acylation of chitosan with fatty acids provide new copolymers with improved physical properties including solubility.
Qing Luo,Mi Ou,Jian Zhao,Haiyang Liu,Dandan Gao,Yanduo Wu,Lanlan Zhang,Kunci Chen 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7
Background Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) plays a critical role in both early sex determination and later gonad development in vertebrate species. However, it remains unknown in northern snakehead (Channa argus), which is economically important freshwater fish with sexual dimorphism. Objective This study aimed to identify the expression profiles and estrogenic regulation of CaAmh during gonadal sex differentiation in C. argus. Methods The cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of CaAmh were identified by PCR and RACE techniques. The expression patterns of CaAmh were detected by qRT-PCR during the gonadal sex differentiation and after 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) treatments. Results CaAmh is composed of seven exons and six introns, and its full-length cDNA is 2413 bp in length, with 1635 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a 544 amino acid protein. Tissues expression patterns revealed that CaAmh display the highest expression in testis of XY males (40.36 folds, p < 0.01). The spatio-temporal expression patterns during gonadal sex differentiation indicated that CaAmh expression differed between XX females and XY males at 30 day after hatching (dah), and reached to the peak (36.03 folds, p < 0.01) at 90 dah in XY gonads. However, CaAmh expression in XX gonads remained low throughout the sampling period. Furthermore, CaAmh expression in the gonads (ovaries) of the sex-reversed XY fish (XY-F) by the administration of estrogen EE2 was downregulated to low level, similar to that in ovaries of normal XX females (XX-F). Conclusions These results show that Amh plays a critical role in testicular differentiation of C. argus and it is apparently modulated by estrogens in this species.