War and Peace in the Iliad and the Aeneid

Ogawa Masahiro 韓國西洋古典學會 2009 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.36 No.-

이 글은 그리스-로마의 서사시들에 나타난 전쟁과 평화에 대한 생각을 분석하는 논문이다. 이를 위해서 논문은 호메로스의 〈일리아스〉와 베르길리우스의〈아이네이스〉의 전쟁에 대한 견해를 분석하였다. 단적으로 〈일리아스〉에서의 전쟁은, 비록 그것이 개별 전사들이 명예와 영광을 획득하기 위한 공간으로 묘사되고 있긴 하지만, 그럼에도 전쟁은 수많은 사람들에게 정신적이든 신체적이든 숱한 고통의 근원인 동시에 신들과 우주사적인 운명에 의해서 결정된 인간 존재의 피하기 어려운 그리고 견디기엔 너무도 가혹한 조건으로 파악된다고 할 수 있으며, 전쟁은 앞으로도 지속될 것이라는 점이 핵심이다. 또한 〈일리아스〉의 전쟁 묘사는 평화와 관련된 여러 장면들이 서사되고 있음을 언급해야 하는데, 이는 직유와 같은 비유법을 통해서 혹은 병사들의 죽음 방식에 대한 표현들에서 잘 드러난다. 이와 관련해서 특히 주목해야 할 장면은 〈일리아스〉 18 권의 아킬레스의 방패 안에 그림에 대한 보고일 것이다. 이 보고를 통해서 우리는 방패에 묘사된 평화의 장면이 무엇을 의미하는지에 물음을 던질 수 있는데, 이에 대한 직접적인 답은 아마도 이 방패를 보유한 아킬레우스가 헥토르를 죽일 것이고 아울러 트로이를 몰락으로 이끌 것이며 하지만 궁극적으로는 아킬레우스 자신을 파멸의 길로 이끌 것이라는 점이다. 이 점이 결론적으로 전쟁을 통해서 우리가 결정적으로 잃게 되고 상실하게 되는 것이 무엇인지를 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 이런 의미에서 아킬레우스의 방패는 전쟁과 평화 사이에 있는 극복할 수 없는 간극을 여실하게 보여주는 비극이다. 로마의 서사시 〈아이네이스〉도 마찬가지로 비극적 서사시이다. 이는 의심의 여지가 없는 사실이다. 하지만 이 작품이 보여주는 전쟁과 평화의 관계-양상은〈일리아스〉와는 크게 다르다. 〈아이네이스〉 전반부에서 묘사되는 주인공 아이네아스의 모습은 삶의 상호 상반된 양극의 대척 점 사이를 방황하는 방랑자의 그것이다. 참혹한 파멸을 경험한 아이네아스에게 전통적인 영웅에 대한 생각은 그다지 큰 효력을 가지고 있는 가치가 아니다. 특히 〈아이네이스〉에서 트로이가 몰락하던 마지막 날의 참혹한 전쟁의 광기에 대한 묘사는 전쟁 영웅에 대한 비판적 반성을 반영하고 있는 데, 이는 망명의 방황과 방랑 중에서 아이네아스가 갈구하고 바라는 평화에의 기원에서 잘 나타난다. 크레테, 시칠리아. 카르타고 등의 여러 망명-피난지를 떠돌면서 구했던 평화로운 정착지에 대한 열망은 이를 잘 보여준다. 물론 환상과 착각으로 드러나지만 말이다. 이러한 경험들은 이탈리아에서 벌어지게 될 미래의 전쟁과 평화를 예견토록 하는 것들이기도 하다. 그런데 아이네아스는 무녀 시빌라의 예언을 듣게 되고, 하계에서는 아버지 앙케세스를 만나게 되는데, 이러한 만남을 통해서 아이네아스는 전쟁에 대한 새로운 생각과 시각을 가지게 된다. 전쟁은 평화와 결코 양립 불가능한 것도, 평화를 배제하는 것도 아닐 뿐 아니라 세상에 평화를 세우기 위해서는 수단으로써 전쟁이 가능함을 말이다. 하지만 아이네아스는 이를 실천할 구체적인 대안과 해결책을 가지고 있지 못했다. 이러한 과정에서 겪게 되는 이야기가 〈아이네이스〉 7 권에서 12 권으로 이르는 후반부의 내용이다. 그런데 베르길리우스가 12 권에서 제시하던 묘사는 주목할 만한 가치가 있는데, 이는 전쟁의 한 가운데에서 평화로 나아가는 첫 출발에 대한 하나의 가능성을 보여주기 때문이다. 동등성을 강조하는 지배자도 피지배자도 없을 것이라는 아이네아스와 라티누스와 나누는 동맹의 서원이 바로 그것이다. 평화가 성립 가능함을 보여주는 한 장면이라 할 수 있다. 반면 아이네아스와 투르누스의 조우는 비극적 최후로 결말 맺어진다. 그렇지만 이 비극적 결말은 전쟁이 궁극적으로는 평화를 가능케 하는 한 방식이라는 점임을 간과해서는 안될 것이다. 여기에서 우리는 시인 베르길리우스가 전쟁의 의미에 대해서 던졌을 지도 물음과 이에 대한 답을 다음과 같은 방식으로 표현할 수 있을 것이다. 도대체, 평화가 아니라면, 전쟁은 무엇을 위한 것인지를 말이다. This paper discusses on the conceptions of war in its relation to peace which appear in Homer’s Iliad and Virgil’s Aeneid. In the Iliad, although war is represented above all as a situation where individual warriors strive to win their fame and glory, it is also perceived as a source of mental and physical sufferings for many people and as an inevitable hard condition of human existence which is determined by gods or fate and continues for ever. On the other hand, Homer inserts into his narrative various sights of the peaceful world by means of soldiers’ “obituaries” and the similes. Especially in the description of the shield of Achilles, he puts warfare in contrast to peaceful life and makes us see war in perspective. We can understand what the peaceful scenes depicted on this weapon mean, if we consider their context: the greatest hero who returns to battle with this divine shield will never fail to kill Hector and in consequence to bring destruction to Troy as well as an early death to himself. Thus the picture of the shield stands for what all the men concerned with war have to lose definitely. In such a tragic poem as the Iliad, there is a distinct, insuperable gap between war and peace. The Aeneid is another tragic epic as many readers appreciate today, though it shows a different view of war and peace. In the first half of the poem, Aeneas is often described as wavering between these two opposite modes of human life. Being no longer confident of the traditional value of heroism after his experience of the destructive and mad force of war on the last night of Troy, he is inclined to find a peaceful life during his wanderings (at several places like Crete, Carthage and Sicily), but it always proves to be an illusion. The predictions are also ambiguous about the future, announcing war as well as peace in Italy. But when he has heard Sibyl’s oracle of the impending battles in Latium and has listened in the underworld to his father’s prophetic instructions on the Roman mission, Aeneas acquires a new idea of the war which is neither incompatible with peace nor excludes it but should serve to bring about and establish it in the world. He does not yet know how he can carry such an idea into practice and we see many difficult problems in the course of terrible war narrated in the second half of the poem. But in the last book, Virgil makes us witness the first step taken in battlefield towards peace: Aeneas and Latinus swear the oaths to end the war without making the conqueror nor the conquered. Although the duel between Aeneas and Turnus comes to a tragic ending, a definite step to the peacemaking policy of war is marked nevertheless. This is the last message of Virgil, which he leaves for future generations of mankind, inviting them to ask in their still disturbed history on earth: what is war for, if not for peace?

Structural Analysis of Lift-Fan Rotor for Jet-VTOL Aircraft

Masahiro Hojo,Akinori Ogawa,Yoshio Saito,Ryosaku Hashimoto 한국추진공학회 2004 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.5

The Calcium and Voltage Clocks in Sinoatrial Node Automaticity

정보영,Masahiro Ogawa,Shien-Fong Lin,Peng-Sheng Chen, 대한심장학회 2009 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.39 No.6

Recent evidence indicates that the voltage (cyclic activation and deactivation of membrane ion channels) and Ca2+ clocks (rhythmic spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release) jointly regulate sinoatrial node (SAN) automaticity. Since the intact SAN is a heterogeneous structure that includes multiple different cell types interacting with each other, the relative importance of the voltage and Ca2+ clocks for pacemaking may be variable in different regions of the SAN. Recently, we performed optical mapping in isolated and Langendorff-perfused canine right atria. We mapped the intracellular calcium (Cai) and membrane potentials of the intact SAN simultaneously. Using previously described criteria of the timing of the late diastolic Cai elevation (LDCAE) relative to the action potential upstroke to detect Ca2+ clock activity, we demonstrated that the sinus rate increased and the leading pacemaker shifted to the superior SAN with the robust LDCAE during β-adrenergic stimulation. We also showed that the LDCAE was caused by spontaneous diastolic SR Ca2+ release and was closely related with heart rate changes. We conclude that the Ca2+ and voltage clocks work synergistically to generate SAN automaticity.

In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activities in Caco-2 and HCT-116 Cells of Recombinant Cystatin C Prepared by a Pichia Expression System

Soichiro Nakamura,Masahiro Ogawa,Hao Jing,David D. Kitts,Shuryo Nakai 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Journal of medicinal food Vol.6 No.4

Caco-2 and HCT-116 cells were used to access growth-inhibition and anti-invasion activity of recombinantcystatin C expressed in Pichia pastorisX33, G12W/H86V. The mutant G12W/H86V prepared by a pilot plant productionsystem showed more than 10% growth inhibition of Caco-2 cells at 0.56 56 n M concentrations. Growth-inhibited cells hadlower cathepsin L activity than the control cells that were not treated with the inhibitor. Conversely, the cathepsin B activitywas not changed by treatment with G12W/H86V. The in vitroanti-invasion test using HCT-116 cells showed that G12W/H86Vsuppressed the cell invasion by 15%, while its wild-type cystatin, aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin A, and matrix metal-loproteinase (MMP) inhibitor MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor III did not supress cell invasion. These results indicate that the re-combinant cystatin C with higher protease inhibitory activity effectively retards the growth and invasiveness of human coloncarcinoma cells.

Biomolecular Strategies for Preparation of High Quality Surimi - Based Products

Soichiro Nakamura,Masahiro Ogawa 한국식품영양과학회 2005 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.10 No.2

There exist two interesting phenomena in making seafood products from surimi. When salted surimi is kept at a constant low temperature (4~40℃), its rheological properties change from sol to gel, which is called “setting”. Seafood processors can exploit changes that occur during setting in preparation of surimibased products, because heating at high temperatures, after the pre-heating during the setting process, enhances the gel-strength of salted surimi. Contrarily, when salted surimi or low-temperature set gel is heated at moderate temperatures (50~70℃), a deterioration of gel is observed. The phenomenon is termed “modori”. In the modori temperature range, heat-stable cysteine proteinases such as cathepsin B, H, L and L-like hydrolyze the myosins responsible for gel-formation, resulting in gel weakening modori. This article reviews molecular events occurring during gel setting that improve the quality of surimi-based products, and inhibition of modori by applying proteinase inhibitors. Application of recombinant protein technology to surimi-based products is introduced and its prospects for practical use are discussed.

Improving the Surface Functionality of Curdlan by Conjugation with Unfolding Protein through Naturally Occurring Maillard Reaction

Nakamura, Soichiro,Ogawa, Masahiro,Saeki, Hiroki,Saito, Masayoshi,Miyasaka, Satoko,Hata, Junya,Adachi, Naoko,Hwang, Jae-Kwan The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2000 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.5 No.4

Protein conjugation of curdlan belonging to $\beta$-1, 3-glucan was carried out to improve it surface functionalities. The glucan was mixed with phosvitin, {TEX}$$\alpha$_{s}${/TEX}-casein, lysozyme or ovalbumin, respectively. The mixture was freeze-dried, and he resulting powder was incubated at 6$0^{\circ}C$ and 79% relative humidity for 12 days in order to generate a controlled Maillard reaction between curdlan and proteins. conjugation with unfolding proteins, i.e., phosvitin and {TEX}$$\alpha$_{s}${/TEX}-casein, drastically increased the solubility of the glucan, whereas lysozyme and ovalbmin did not. The solubility in water of curdlan was 3.44% for the phosvitin conjugate and 1.09% for the {TEX}$$\alpha$_{s}${/TEX}-casein conjugate. SDS-slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that curdlan was solubilized due to covalent binding with phosvitin. Emulsifying properties of curdlan were substantially improved by the conjugation with phosvitin and {TEX}$$\alpha$_{s}${/TEX}-casein. Emulsion stability of the curdlan-phosvitin conjugate was about 2.9 times greater than that of the curdlan-phosvitin mixture.

Biomolecular Strategies for Preparation of High Quality Surimi-Based Products

Nakamura Soichiro,Ogawa Masahiro The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2005 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.10 No.2

There exist two interesting phenomena in making seafood products from surimi. When salted surimi is kept at a constant low temperature $(4\~40^{\circ}C)$, its rheological properties change from sol to gel, which is called 'setting'. Seafood processors can exploit changes that occur during setting in preparation of surimibased products, because heating at high temperatures, after the pre-heating during the setting process, enhances the gel-strength of salted surimi. Contrarily, when salted surimi or low-temperature set gel is heated at moderate temperatures $(50\~70^{\circ}C)$, a deterioration of gel is observed. The phenomenon is termed 'modori'. In the modori temperature range, heat-stable cysteine proteinases such as cathepsin B, H, Land L-Iike hydrolyze the myosins responsible for gel-formation, resulting in gel weakening modori. This article reviews molecular events occurring during gel setting that improve the quality of surimi-based products, and inhibition of modori by applying proteinase inhibitors. Application of recombinant protein technology to surimi-based products is introduced and its prospects for practical use are discussed.

Improving the Surface Functionality of Curdlan by Conjugation with Unfolding Protein through Naturally Occurring Maillard Reaction

Soichiro Nakamura,Masahiro Ogawa,Hiroki Saeki,Masayoshi Saito,Satoko Miyasaka,Junya Hata,Naoko Adachi,Jae-Kwan Hwang 한국식품영양과학회 2000 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.5 No.4

Protein conjugation of curdlan belonging to β-1,3-glucan was carried out to improve its surface functionalities. The glucan was mixed with phosvitin, α_s-casein, lysozyme or ovalbumin, respectively. The mixture was freeze-dried, and the resulting powder was incubated at 60℃ and 79% relative humidity for 12 days in order to generate a controlled Maillard reaction between curdlan and proteins. Conjugation with unfolding proteins, i.e., phosvitin and α_s-casein, drastically increased the solubility of the glucan, whereas lysozyme and ovalbumin did not. The solubility in water of curdlan was 3.44% for the phosvitin conjugate and 1.09% for the α_s-casein conjugate. SDS-slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that curdlan was solubilized due to covalent binding with phosvitin. Emulsifying properties of curdlan were substantially improved by the conjugation with phosvitin and α_s-casein. Emulsion stability of the curdlan-phosvitin conjugate was about 2.9 times greater than that of the curdlan-phosvitin mixture.

Development of Generalized Large-scale database-based Online Modeling and its speed-enhancement technology

Junichi Tajima,Masatoshi Ogawa,Yuya Yoshinaga,Harutoshi Ogai,Kenko Uchida,Masahiro Ito,Shinroku Matsuzaki 제어로봇시스템학회 2006 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.10

3次元C/Sicブリスク․ロータ模型の回轉强度試驗

Ryosaku HASHIMOTO,Akinori OGAWA,Yasushi SOFUE,Masahiro HOJO 한국추진공학회 2004 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.5