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Open Lead Detection Based on Logical Change Caused by AC Voltage Signal Stimulus
Akira Ono,Masahiro Ichimiya,Hiroyuki Yotsuyanagi,Masao Takagi,Masaki Hashizume 대한전자공학회 2008 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2008 No.7
In this paper, we propose a new test method for detecting an open lead which occurs when an IC is mounted on a printed circuit board. In the method, an open lead is detected by observing output logical change of an open lead detector. Since the test method is a vectorless test one, test generation and test input application are not needed. Testability of the test method is examined by some experiments. The results show that open leads of SSIs and LSIs will be detected by the method.
Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study
Gasparrini, Antonio,Guo, Yuming,Hashizume, Masahiro,Lavigne, Eric,Zanobetti, Antonella,Schwartz, Joel,Tobias, Aurelio,Tong, Shilu,Rocklö,v, Joacim,Forsberg, Bertil,Leone, Michela,De Sario, Manuela Elsevier 2015 The Lancet Vol.386 No.9991
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Although studies have provided estimates of premature deaths attributable to either heat or cold in selected countries, none has so far offered a systematic assessment across the whole temperature range in populations exposed to different climates. We aimed to quantify the total mortality burden attributable to non-optimum ambient temperature, and the relative contributions from heat and cold and from moderate and extreme temperatures.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>We collected data for 384 locations in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, and USA. We fitted a standard time-series Poisson model for each location, controlling for trends and day of the week. We estimated temperature–mortality associations with a distributed lag non-linear model with 21 days of lag, and then pooled them in a multivariate metaregression that included country indicators and temperature average and range. We calculated attributable deaths for heat and cold, defined as temperatures above and below the optimum temperature, which corresponded to the point of minimum mortality, and for moderate and extreme temperatures, defined using cutoffs at the 2·5th and 97·5th temperature percentiles.</P><P><B>Findings</B></P><P>We analysed 74 225 200 deaths in various periods between 1985 and 2012. In total, 7·71% (95% empirical CI 7·43–7·91) of mortality was attributable to non-optimum temperature in the selected countries within the study period, with substantial differences between countries, ranging from 3·37% (3·06 to 3·63) in Thailand to 11·00% (9·29 to 12·47) in China. The temperature percentile of minimum mortality varied from roughly the 60th percentile in tropical areas to about the 80–90th percentile in temperate regions. More temperature-attributable deaths were caused by cold (7·29%, 7·02–7·49) than by heat (0·42%, 0·39–0·44). Extreme cold and hot temperatures were responsible for 0·86% (0·84–0·87) of total mortality.</P><P><B>Interpretation</B></P><P>Most of the temperature-related mortality burden was attributable to the contribution of cold. The effect of days of extreme temperature was substantially less than that attributable to milder but non-optimum weather. This evidence has important implications for the planning of public-health interventions to minimise the health consequences of adverse temperatures, and for predictions of future effect in climate-change scenarios.</P><P><B>Funding</B></P><P>UK Medical Research Council.</P>
Kim, Satbyul Estella,Bell, Michelle L.,Hashizume, Masahiro,Honda, Yasushi,Kan, Haidong,Kim, Ho Pergamon 2018 Environment international Vol.110 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Previous epidemiological studies regarding mortality and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10μm (PM<SUB>10</SUB>) have considered only absolute concentrations of PM<SUB>10</SUB> as a risk factor. However, none have evaluated the durational effect of multi-day periods with high PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations. To evaluate the durational effect (i.e., number of days) of high PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations on mortality, we collected data regarding 3,662,749 deaths from 28 cities in Japan, South Korea, and China (1993–2009). Exposure was defined as consecutive days with daily PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations ≥75μg/m<SUP>3</SUP>. A Poisson model was used with duration as the variable of interest, while controlling for daily PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations, meteorological variables, seasonal trends, and day of the week. The increase in mortality risk for each additional consecutive day with PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations ≥75μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> was 0.68% in Japan (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35–1.01%), 0.48% in South Korea (95% CI: 0.30–0.66%), and 0.24% in China (95% CI: 0.14–0.33%). The annual average maximum number of consecutive days with high PM<SUB>10</SUB> in Japan (2.40days), South Korea (6.96days), and China (42.26days) was associated with non-accidental death increases of 1.64% (95% CI: 1.31–1.98%), 3.37% (95% CI: 3.19–3.56%), and 10.43% (95% CI: 10.33–10.54%), respectively. These findings may facilitate the planning of public health interventions to minimize the health burden of air pollution.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We evaluated the mortality effects of the number of consecutive days with high PM<SUB>10.</SUB> </LI> <LI> This study was the first to assess the short-term mortality effect of prolonged high PM<SUB>10</SUB> days. </LI> <LI> We observe a significant increase in the mortality risk for each additional consecutive day with high PM<SUB>10.</SUB> </LI> </UL> </P>
Mortality Related to Extreme Temperature for 15 Cities in Northeast Asia
Chung, Yeonseung,Lim, Youn-Hee,Honda, Yasushi,Guo, Yue-Liang Leon,Hashizume, Masahiro,Bell, Michelle L.,Chen, Bing-Yu,Kim, Ho Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. 2015 Epidemiology Vol.26 No.2
BACKGROUND:: Multisite time-series studies for temperature-related mortality have been conducted mainly in the United States and Europe, but are lacking in Asia. This multisite time-series study examined mortality related to extreme temperatures (both cold and hot) in Northeast Asia, focusing on 15 cities of 3 high-income countries. METHODS:: This study includes 3 cities in Taiwan for 1994–2007, 6 cities in Korea for 1992–2010, and 6 cities in Japan for 1972–2009. We used 2-stage Bayesian hierarchical Poisson semiparametric regression to model the nonlinear relationship between temperature and mortality, providing city-specific and country-wide estimates for cold and heat effects. Various exposure time frames, age groups, and causes of death were considered. RESULTS:: Cold effects had longer time lags (5–11 days) than heat effects, which were immediate (1–3 days). Cold effects were larger for cities in Taiwan, whereas heat effects were larger for cities in Korea and Japan. Patterns of increasing effects with age were observed in both cold and heat effects. Both cold and heat effects were larger for cardiorespiratory mortality than for other causes of death. Several city characteristics related to weather or air pollution were associated with both cold and heat effects. CONCLUSIONS:: Mortality increased with either cold or hot temperature in urban populations of high-income countries in Northeast Asia, with spatial variations of effects among cities and countries. Findings suggest that climate factors are major contributors to the spatial heterogeneity of effects in this region, although further research is merited to identify other factors as determinants of variability.
Chung, Yeonseung,Yang, Daewon,Gasparrini, Antonio,Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana M.,Fook Sheng Ng, Chris,Kim, Yoonhee,Honda, Yasushi,Hashizume, Masahiro Environmental Health Perspectives 2018 Environmental health perspectives Vol.126 No.5
<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>Previous studies have shown that population susceptibility to non-optimum temperatures has changed over time, but little is known about the related time-varying factors that underlie the changes.</P><P><B>Objective:</B></P><P>Our objective was to investigate the changing population susceptibility to non-optimum temperatures in 47 prefectures of Japan over four decades from 1972 to 2012, addressing three aspects: minimum mortality temperature (MMT) and heat- and cold-related mortality risks. In addition, we aimed to examine how these aspects of susceptibility were associated with climate, demographic, and socioeconomic variables.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>We first used a two-stage time-series design with a time-varying distributed lag nonlinear model and multivariate meta-analysis to estimate the time-varying MMT, heat- and cold-related mortality risks. We then applied linear mixed effects models to investigate the association between each of the three time-varying aspects of susceptibility and various time-varying factors.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>MMT increased from 23.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 23, 23.6] to 28.7 (27.0, 29.7) °C. Heat-related mortality risk [relative risk (RR) for the 99th percentile of temperature vs. the MMT] decreased from 1.18 (1.15, 1.21) to 1.01 (0.98, 1.04). Cold-related mortality risk (RR for the first percentile vs. the MMT) generally decreased from 1.48 (1.41, 1.54) to 1.35 (1.32, 1.40), with the exception of a few eastern prefectures that showed increased risk. The changing patterns in all three aspects differed by region, sex, and causes of death. Higher mean temperature was associated ([FORMULA OMISSION]) with lower heat risk, whereas higher humidity was associated with higher cold risk. A higher percentage of elderly people was associated with a higher cold risk, whereas higher economic strength of the prefecture was related to lower cold risk.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>Population susceptibility to heat has decreased over the last four decades in Japan. Susceptibility to cold has decreased overall except for several eastern prefectures where it has either increased or remained unchanged. Certain climate, demographic, and socioeconomic factors explored in the current study might underlie this changing susceptibility. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2546</P>
Armstrong, Ben,Bell, Michelle L.,de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Micheline,Leon Guo, Yue-Liang,Guo, Yuming,Goodman, Patrick,Hashizume, Masahiro,Honda, Yasushi,Kim, Ho,Lavigne, Eric,Michelozzi, Pao U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ 2017 Environmental health perspectives Vol.125 No.10
<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>In many places, daily mortality has been shown to increase after days with particularly high or low temperatures, but such daily time-series studies cannot identify whether such increases reflect substantial life shortening or short-term displacement of deaths (harvesting).</P><P><B>Objectives:</B></P><P>To clarify this issue, we estimated the association between annual mortality and annual summaries of heat and cold in 278 locations from 12 countries.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>Indices of annual heat and cold were used as predictors in regressions of annual mortality in each location, allowing for trends over time and clustering of annual count anomalies by country and pooling estimates using meta-regression. We used two indices of annual heat and cold based on preliminary standard daily analyses: <I>a</I>) mean annual degrees above/below minimum mortality temperature (MMT), and <I>b</I>) estimated fractions of deaths attributed to heat and cold. The first index was simpler and matched previous related research; the second was added because it allowed the interpretation that coefficients equal to 0 and 1 are consistent with none (0) or all (1) of the deaths attributable in daily analyses being displaced by at least 1 y.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>On average, regression coefficients of annual mortality on heat and cold mean degrees were 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3, 3.1] and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6, 1.6) per degree, respectively, and daily attributable fractions were 0.8 (95% CI: 0.2, 1.3) and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9, 1.4). The proximity of the latter coefficients to 1.0 provides evidence that most deaths found attributable to heat and cold in daily analyses were brought forward by at least 1 y. Estimates were broadly robust to alternative model assumptions.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>These results provide strong evidence that most deaths associated in daily analyses with heat and cold are displaced by at least 1 y. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1756</P>