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Appropriate Technology in University Education: Why and How?
신관우(Kwanwoo Shin),이충훈(Choong-Hoon Lee) 적정기술학회 2017 적정기술학회지(Journal of Appropriate Technology) Vol.3 No.1
적정기술은 주로 저발전 국가에서 과학과 기술 분야의 훈련을 받지 않은 누구라도 자발적인 사회활동의 일환으로 사용할 수 있는 기술로서 고려되어 왔다. 이런 광범위한 견해는 특히 “과학기술 인구의 증가’라는 점에서 긍정적인 것이다. 그러나, 적정기술에 대한 “대중의 용이한 접근”은 “적정기술”을 대학 교육에서 주제 중의 하나로 고려할 경우 그것에 대한 장애물이 될 수 있다. 왜냐하면 대학 교육은 학술적인 발전을 심화시키고 차세대를 육성하는 것을 그 주된 목표로 삼고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 관점에서 이 글에서는 적정기술을 대학 교육의 학문적 주제로 통합해야만 하는 이유에 대해 검토하고자 한다. 특히 첨단 기술의 발전이 적정기술의 가장 효과적이고 실제적인 향상을 가져올 수 있다는 점을 논의한다. 또한 학제간 연구로서의 적정기술 교육의 특성과 적정기술을 대학에서 교육하는데 있어서 적합한 방법에 관해 논의한다. Recently, it has been widely considered that appropriate technology is just a part of social volunteered activities to anyone, including pre-college students and the general public, who are not properly trained in the field of science and technology, as long as their activities are benefit to underdeveloped countries. Such a widespread view is positive in many ways, especially, in terms of “population of science and technology”. However, “the public accessibility” to the appropriate technology could be a barrier when one considers whether “appropriate technology” can be one of themes in university education. Since university education is aiming to deepening academic development and nurturing next generation, we would like to discuss why the appropriate technology must be incorporated into academic themes in college education. In this paper, we would like to discuss that; the cutting-edge technological development can bring the most effective and practical improvement of appropriate technology. We also would like to discuss appropriate technology as an interdisciplinary study and an appropriate method in educating appropriate technology in university.
신관우(Kwanwoo Shin),이충훈(Choong Hoon Lee) 적정기술학회 2015 적정기술학회지(Journal of Appropriate Technology) Vol.1 No.1
적정기술은 독점적인 자본과 국가중심적인 원조에 따른 과학기술의 일방적 원조로부터 벗어나 지역적 특수성에 기반 으로 한 지역적인 문제를 현지의 노동과 기술로 해결하기 위한 하나의 과학기술운동으로 이해할 수 있다. 또한, 역사 적으로는 다르지만, 거대 자본과 기술의 독점에 대항하여 시민사회의 여러 가지 문제를 해결하기 위하여 선진국의 시민중심의 과학기술운동과 오픈소스 기반 과학기술은 적정기술과 마찬가지로, 과학기술의 보편적인 확산과 자발적인 참여를 기반으로 한 구체적인 사회운동의 형태로 확산되고 있다. 최근, 이러한 현대의 시민사회운동의 일환으로의 과학기술과 적정기술이 보편적 과학기술이라는 측면에서 상호 결합되는 활동으로 나타나고 있음을 고찰하고, 이를 바탕 으로 한 새로운 적정기술의 방향에 관하여 논의하였다. In political economy, appropriate technology can be described as one of volunteered science and technological activities, rooted in local particularities and local labours to solve local immediate problems in underdeveloped countries against the state monopoly capitalism. Although it might have different background and origin historically, there are many conceptual similarities in citizen science activities in developed countries, which have started as a social movement against the science monopoly based on the state capitalism. In this paper, we reviewed those individual activities historically, and listed some recent representative activities. We believe that these activities in appropriate technology combined with the citizen science movements will provide a new directional outlook.
Side chain assisted nanotubular self-assembly of cyclic peptides at the air–water interface
Kwak, Byeongdo,Shin, Kwanwoo,Seok, Sangjun,Kim, Doseok,Ahmad, Farhan,Geckeler, Kurt E.,Seeck, Oliver H.,Seo, Young-Soo,Satija, Sushil K.,Kubik, Stefan Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 SOFT MATTER Vol.6 No.19
<P>Langmuir monolayers of two artificial cyclic peptides with an alternating sequence of <SMALL>L</SMALL>-glutamic acid and 3-aminobenzoic acid subunits, a cyclohexapeptide (<B>C6G</B>) and a cyclooctapeptide (<B>C8G</B>), were investigated using a variety of techniques, including <I>π</I>–<I>A</I> isotherms, <I>in situ</I> surface sum-frequency generation (SFG) and Brewster angle microscopy. The monolayers were also transferred onto a solid substrate by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique and characterized by grazing incident X-ray diffraction (GIXD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The investigations indicated that <B>C6G</B> forms 2D crystallite structures at the air–water interface, whereas no such structures were observed for <B>C8G</B>. Being amphiphilic, both peptides attain a horizontal orientation on the water surface after spreading. Surface compression causes the molecules to flip to a perpendicular state, thus minimizing the molecular area. The measurements also indicate that, in the perpendicular state, self-assembly of <B>C6G</B> leads to a tubular arrangement of the peptide rings. According to GIXD and TEM data, pairs of tubes arrange in a well defined and oriented order producing 2D crystals. Surface vibrational spectroscopic methods (sum-frequency generation and polarization modulation IR reflection–absorption) combined with molecular modeling gave insight into the arrangement of individual <B>C6G</B> molecules in the tubes. Overall, our results indicated that the tubular assembly of <B>C6G</B> is most likely due to intermolecular H-bonding between the CO group in the glutamic acid side chains and peptide NH group of a neighboring peptide ring.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Compression of the Langmuir monolayer of a cyclohexapeptide with alternating <SMALL>L</SMALL>-glutamic acid and 3-aminobenzoic acid subunits causes the rings to adopt an orientation perpendicularly to the subphase and to self-assemble into tubular structures. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0sm00143k'> </P>