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Сопоставительный анализ современной языковой ситуации на Украине и в Республике Беларусь
Sławomir Kozłowski 한국노어노문학회 2010 노어노문학 Vol.22 No.4
The author of this article discusses language situation in East Slavic countries since the late 80's to the present day, attempts a comprehensive comparison of the linguistic situation, analyzing the factors that affect it, and showed signs of language situations inherent to East Slavic countries. Issues of language situation and policy are relevance in our time, especially in Belarus and Ukraine. The sociolinguistic studies of language and trends in linguistic situation are based of factual material, the results of questionnaires, statistical analysis of language functioning in these states/ The studies give extremely valuable material for understanding the social and political processes and trends of linguistic situation in the past, present and possible future development. For several decades preceding the collapse of the USSR, the language situation in the republics largely determined the policy of Russification, which was source of current widespread Russian languages, along with the indigenous population. This proximity of the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages of the same Slavic group, promoting interference led to the creation of Belarusian and Ukrainian mix-languages. The emergence of new states and the process of “constructing national identity” in the first years of independence in the former Soviet republics had a significant impact on the linguistic situation. In Ukraine policies designed to protect the Ukrainian language from Russification, in Belarus president Aleksandr Lukashenka keeps going russificationing processes. Since the last Soviet census in 1989 lowered percentage of Russian population in Belarus. By results of 2009 census in Belarus Belarusian population accounted for 83,7% (in 1989 - 77,9%), the Russian population accounted for 8,3% (in 1989 - 13,2%), but growth the percentage of Russian-speaking population (62,8% in 1999, 70,2% in 2009) and the population for whom the Russian is mother language (31,9% in 1989, 41,5% in 2009). In Ukraine also lowered percentage of Russians (22,1% in 1989, 17,3% in 2002) and lowered the percentage of population, who treat Russian as mother language (32,8% in 1989, 29,6% in 2001). In Belarus are two state languages: Belarusian and Russian, but if they are equal in theory, in practice the situation is entirely different. Russian language is dominant, and almost all the cities and eastern villages are Russian, Belarusian was completely superseded by Russian and trasyanka, but is still in western villages and small towns. Russian captured practically whole space of media, culture, science and is the language of institutions. Dramatically fell numbers of books, newspapers, magazines, which are publishing in Belarusian. In Ukraine the situation of native language of the nation looks better. Despite the regular pressures from the side of Russian-speaking population, Ukrainian language is the state language. Russian language usually prevails in most cities of Ukraine (except Western), and in some (especially the East) is strictly dominant. TV and radio broadcasts are carried in most Russian, as most books and periodicals printed in Russian. Some progress is observed only in the administrative and business and educational sectors. The main driver of change in the linguistic situation in Belarus and Ukraine is the language’s policy in all spheres of public life. Next up is the communicative power of language, scope and usage, and prestige level of language, and the number of speakers and place of their living. Especially important is the presence of this language in the media, science and culture, language education of children, and also important is attitude and wish to assimilate language by speaker.
MICROLENSING EVENT MOA-2007-BLG-400: EXHUMING THE BURIED SIGNATURE OF A COOL, JOVIAN-MASS PLANET
Dong, Subo,Bond, I. A.,Gould, A.,Kozłowski, Szymon,Miyake, N.,Gaudi, B. S.,Bennett, D. P.,Abe, F.,Gilmore, A. C.,Fukui, A.,Furusawa, K.,Hearnshaw, J. B.,Itow, Y.,Kamiya, K.,Kilmartin, P. M.,Korpela, A IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.698 No.2
OGLE-2013-BLG-0578 L: A MICROLENSING BINARY COMPOSED OF A BROWN DWARF AND AN M DWARF
Park, H.,Udalski, A.,Han, C.,Poleski, R.,Skowron, J.,Kozłowski, S.,Wyrzykowski, Ł.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,Pietrukowicz, P.,Pietrzyń,ski, G.,Soszyń,ski, I.,Ulaczyk, K. IOP Publishing 2015 The Astrophysical journal Vol.805 No.2
<P>Determining the physical parameters of binary microlenses is hampered by the lack of information about the angular Einstein radius due to the difficulty involved in resolving caustic crossings. In this paper, we present an analysis of the binary microlensing event OGLE-2013-BLG-0578, for which the caustic exit was precisely predicted in advance from real-time analysis, enabling us to densely resolve the caustic crossing and to measure the Einstein radius. From the mass measurement of the lens system based on the Einstein radius, combined with additional information about the lens parallax, we determine that the lens is a binary composed of a late-type M dwarf primary and a substellar brown dwarf companion. This event demonstrates the capability of current real-time microlensing modeling and the usefulness of microlensing for detecting and characterizing faint or dark objects in the Galaxy.</P>
SUB-SATURN PLANET MOA-2008-BLG-310Lb: LIKELY TO BE IN THE GALACTIC BULGE
Janczak, Julia,Fukui, A.,Dong, Subo,Monard, L. A. G.,Kozłowski, Szymon,Gould, A.,Beaulieu, J. P.,Kubas, Daniel,Marquette, J. B.,Sumi, T.,Bond, I. A.,Bennett, D. P.,Abe, F.,Furusawa, K.,Hearnshaw, J. B IOP Publishing 2010 The Astrophysical journal Vol.711 No.2
<P>We report the detection of sub-Saturn-mass planet MOA-2008-BLG-310Lb and argue that it is the strongest candidate yet for a bulge planet. Deviations from the single-lens fit are smoothed out by finite-source effects and therefore are not immediately apparent from the light curve. Nevertheless, we find that a model in which the primary has a planetary companion is favored over the single-lens model by Delta chi(2) similar to 880 for an additional 3 degrees of freedom. Detailed analysis yields a planet/star mass ratio q = (3.3 +/- 0.3) x 10(-4) and an angular separation between the planet and star within 10% of the angular Einstein radius. The small angular Einstein radius, theta(E) = 0.155 theta 0.011 mas, constrains the distance to the lens to be D(L) > 6.0 kpc if it is a star (M(L) > 0.08 M(circle dot)). This is the only microlensing exoplanet host discovered so far that must be in the bulge if it is a star. By analyzing VLT NACO adaptive optics images taken near the baseline of the event, we detect additional blended light that is aligned to within 130 mas of the lensed source. This light is plausibly from the lens, but could also be due to a companion to the lens or source, or possibly an unassociated star. If the blended light is indeed due to the lens, we can estimate the mass of the lens, M(L) = 0.67 +/- 0.14 M(circle dot), planet mass m = 74 +/- 17 M(circle plus), and projected separation between the planet and host, 1.25 +/- 0.10 AU, putting it right on the 'snow line.' If not, then the planet has lower mass, is closer to its host and is colder. To distinguish among these possibilities on reasonable timescales would require obtaining Hubble Space Telescope images almost immediately, before the source-lens relative motion of mu = 5 mas yr(-1) causes them to separate substantially.</P>
A VENUS-MASS PLANET ORBITING A BROWN DWARF: A MISSING LINK BETWEEN PLANETS AND MOONS
Udalski, A.,Jung, Y. K.,Han, C.,Gould, A.,Kozłowski, S.,Skowron, J.,Poleski, R.,Soszyń,ski, I.,Pietrukowicz, P.,Mró,z, P.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,Wyrzykowski, Ł.,Ulaczyk, K.,Pietrzyń,sk IOP Publishing 2015 The Astrophysical journal Vol.812 No.1
<P>The co-planarity of solar system planets led Kant to suggest that they formed from an accretion disk, and the discovery of hundreds of such disks around young stars as well as hundreds of co-planar planetary systems by the Kepler satellite demonstrate that this formation mechanism is extremely widespread. Many moons in the solar system, such as the Galilean moons of Jupiter, also formed out of the accretion disks that coalesced into the giant planets. Here we report the discovery of an intermediate system, OGLE-2013-BLG-0723LB/Bb, composed of a Venus-mass planet orbiting a brown dwarf, which may be viewed either as a scaled-down version of a planet plus a star or as a scaled-up version of a moon plus a planet orbiting a star. The latter analogy can be further extended since they orbit in the potential of a larger, stellar body. For ice-rock companions formed in the outer parts of accretion disks, like Uranus and Callisto, the scaled masses and separations of the three types of systems are similar, leading us to suggest that the formation processes of companions within accretion disks around stars, brown dwarfs, and planets are similar.</P>
TRIPLE MICROLENS OGLE-2008-BLG-092L: BINARY STELLAR SYSTEM WITH A CIRCUMPRIMARY URANUS-TYPE PLANET
Poleski, Radosław,Skowron, Jan,Udalski, Andrzej,Han, Cheongho,Kozłowski, Szymon,Wyrzykowski, Łukasz,Dong, Subo,Szymań,ski, Michał K.,Kubiak, Marcin,Pietrzyń,ski, Grzegorz,Soszyń,ski, Ig IOP Publishing 2014 The Astrophysical journal Vol.795 No.1
<P>We present the gravitational microlensing discovery of a 4 M-Uranus planet that orbits a 0.7 M circle dot star at approximate to 18 AU. This is the first known analog of Uranus. Similar planets, i.e., cold ice giants, are inaccessible to either radial velocity or transit methods because of the long orbital periods, while low reflected light prevents direct imaging. We discuss how similar planets may contaminate the sample of the very short microlensing events that are interpreted as free-floating planets with an estimated rate of 1.8 per main-sequence star. Moreover, the host star has a nearby stellar (or brown dwarf) companion. The projected separation of the planet is only about three times smaller than that of the companion star, suggesting significant dynamical interactions.</P>
Yee, J. C.,Udalski, A.,Sumi, T.,Dong, Subo,Kozłowski, S.,Bird, J. C.,Cole, A.,Higgins, D.,McCormick, J.,Monard, L. A. G.,Polishook, D.,Shporer, A.,Spector, O.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,Kubiak, M.,Pietrzy IOP Publishing 2009 The Astrophysical journal Vol.703 No.2
<P>We analyze the extreme high-magnification microlensing event OGLE-2008-BLG-279, which peaked at a maximum magnification of A similar to 1600 on 2008 May 30. The peak of this event exhibits both finite-source effects and terrestrial parallax, from which we determine the mass of the lens, M-l = 0.64 +/- 0.10 M-circle dot, and its distance, D-l = 4.0 +/- 0.6 kpc. We rule out Jupiter-mass planetary companions to the lens star for projected separations in the range 0.5-20 AU. More generally, we find that this event was sensitive to planets with masses as small as 0.2 M-circle dot similar or equal to 2 (MMars) with projected separations near the Einstein ring (similar to 3 AU).</P>
OGLE-2016-BLG-0613LABb: A Microlensing Planet in a Binary System
Han, C.,Udalski, A.,A., Gould,Lee, C.-U.,Shvartzvald, Y.,Zang, W. C.,Mao, S.,Kozłowski, S.,Albrow, M. D.,Chung, S.-J.,Hwang, K.-H.,Jung, Y. K.,Kim, D.,Kim, H.-W.,Ryu, Y.-H.,Shin, I.-G.,Yee, J. C.,Zhu, American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astronomical journal Vol.154 No.6
<P>We present the analysis of OGLE-2016-BLG-0613, for which the lensing light curve appears to be that of a typical binary-lens event with two caustic spikes but with a discontinuous feature on the trough between the spikes. We find that the discontinuous feature was produced by a planetary companion to the binary lens. We find four degenerate triplelens solution classes, each composed of a pair of solutions according to the well-known wide/close planetary degeneracy. One of these solution classes is excluded due to its relatively poor fit. For the remaining three pairs of solutions, the most-likely primary mass is about M-1 similar to 0.7M(circle dot) , while the planet is a super Jupiter. In all cases, the system lies in the Galactic disk, about halfway toward the Galactic bulge. However, in one of these three solution classes, the secondary of the binary system is a low- mass brown dwarf, with relative mass ratios (1: 0.03: 0.003), while in the two others the masses of the binary components are comparable. These two possibilities can be distinguished in about 2024 when the measured lens-source relative proper motion will permit separate resolution of the lens and source.</P>
OGLE-2017-BLG-0373Lb: A Jovian Mass-Ratio Planet Exposes A New Accidental Microlensing Degeneracy
Skowron, J.,Ryu, Y.-H.,Hwang, K.-H.,Udalski, A.,Mró,z, P.,Kozłowski, S.,Soszyń,ski, I.,Pietrukowicz, P.,Szymań,ski, M. K.,Poleski, R. COPERNICUS FOUNDATION FOR POLISH ASTRONOMY 2018 Acta astronomica Vol.68 No.1