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Zivilrechtsfolgen von Kartellrechtsverstößen
Kling Michael 전북대학교 법학연구소 2015 法學硏究 Vol.44 No.-
독일의 경쟁법은 크게 경쟁제한대응법(Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschrankungen: GWB)과 불공정경쟁대응법(Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb: UWG)으로 구성된다. 전자가 행정에 의한 경쟁을 제한하는 행위;에 대한 규정이라면 후자는 사적 자율에 의한 공정거래가 특징이다. 이 논문은 독일과 유럽의 카르텔법에 반하는 위반에 대한 사법적 결과를 다루고 있다. 핵심적 사항은 경쟁제한대응법 제33조에서 규정하고 있는 청구의 사유들이다. 동 규정에 따르면 경쟁제한대응법 제1조와 유럽연합작동방식에 관한 협약(Vertrag uber die Arbeitsweise der Europaische Union: AEUV) 제101조에서 정하는 카르텔금지규정 및 경쟁제한대응법 제19조와 유럽연합작동방식에 관한협약제102조에서 정하늕 오용금지 규정에 대한 위반행위는 경쟁제한대응법 제33조 제1항의 중지(Unterlassung), 제거(Beseitigung)청구권과 동조 제3항에 따른 손해배상의 결과를 초래한다. 이뿐만 아니라 경쟁제한대응법 제34a에 따라 단체들을 통한 이익소진(Vorteilsabschopfung durch Verbande)의 문제가 제기된다. 그러나 카르텔법에서의 이익소진문제는 불공정거래대응법에서 규정하는 공정법(Lauterkeitsrecht) 의 영역에서의 이익소진문제보다 매우 미미한 의미를 가진다.
Using metaphorical techniques in focus groups to uncover mothers' feelings about family meals
Kling, Leslie,Cotugna, Nancy,Snider, Sue,Peterson, P. Michael The Korean Nutrition Society 2009 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.2 No.2
Traditional nutrition education has not been shown to consistently produce behavior change. While it has been suggested that using emotion-based messages may be a better way to influence nutrition behavior change, this has not been well tested. Producing emotion-based messages is a multi-step process that begins with exploring subconscious barriers to behavior change rather than the more obvious and typically reported barriers. The purpose of this research was to uncover the emotional reasons, sometimes referred to as emotional pulse points, for mothers' choosing or not choosing to have more family meals. This would then serve as the first step to developing emotion-based messages promoting the benefits of family meals. Five focus group interviews were conducted with 51 low-income Black (n=28) and white (n=23) mothers. Metaphorical techniques were used to determine underlying feelings toward family and family meals. Discussions were video-taped, transcribed, and manually analyzed using a content-driven, immersion/crystallization approach to qualitative data analysis. Four themes emerged around the definition of family: acceptance, sharing, chaos, and protective/loyal. Some mothers felt mealtime was merely obligatory, and described it as stressful. Some reported a preference for attending to their own needs instead of sitting down with their children, while others felt that mealtime should be used to interact with and educate children and felt guilty when they were not able to provide family meals. Three themes emerged around feelings towards having or not having family meals: unimportant, important, and guilty. When explored further, mothers indicated that using the feeling of guilt to encourage family meals might be effective. Data obtained are being used to develop innovative, emotion-based messages that will be tested for effectiveness in promoting family meals.
Using metaphorical techniques in focus groups to uncover mothers’ feelings about family meals
Leslie Kling,Nancy Cotugna,Sue Snider,P. Michael Peterson 한국영양학회 2009 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.3 No.3
Traditional nutrition education has not been shown to consistently produce behavior change. While it has been suggested that using emotion-based messages may be a better way to influence nutrition behavior change, this has not been well tested. Producing emotion-based messages is a multi-step process that begins with exploring subconscious barriers to behavior change rather than the more obvious and typically reported barriers. The purpose of this research was to uncover the emotional reasons, sometimes referred to as emotional pulse points, for mothers’ choosing or not choosing to have more family meals. This would then serve as the first step to developing emotion-based messages promoting the benefits of family meals. Five focus group interviews were conducted with 51 low-income Black (n=28) and white (n=23) mothers. Metaphorical techniques were used to determine underlying feelings toward family and family meals. Discussions were video-taped, transcribed, and manually analyzed using a content-driven, immersion/crystallization approach to qualitative data analysis. Four themes emerged around the definition of family: acceptance, sharing, chaos, and protective/loyal. Some mothers felt mealtime was merely obligatory, and described it as stressful. Some reported a preference for attending to their own needs instead of sitting down with their children, while others felt that mealtime should be used to interact with and educate children and felt guilty when they were not able to provide family meals. Three themes emerged around feelings towards having or not having family meals: unimportant, important, and guilty. When explored further, mothers indicated that using the feeling of guilt to encourage family meals might be effective. Data obtained are being used to develop innovative, emotion-based messages that will be tested for effectiveness in promoting family meals.
Michael Kling 가천대학교 법학연구소 2012 가천법학 Vol.5 No.1
The following article is based on a lecture the author gave at Gachon University College of Law on April 3, 2012. It mainly provides an overview on the central provisions against misleading advertising in German competition law, i.e. the law against unfair business practises. The form of the lecture manuscript has been retained. The references of the scientific literature were restricted to a necessary minimum in favour of the relevant case law of the German Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof - BGH), the German Higher Regional Courts (Oberlandesgerichte - OLG) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
( Mette W Klinge ),( Nanna Sutter ),( Esben B Mark ),( Anne-mette Haase ),( Per Borghammer ),( Vincent Schlageter ),( Sten Lund ),( Jesper Fleischer ),( Karoline Knudsen ),( Asbjørn M Drewes ),( Klaus 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2021 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.27 No.3
Background/Aims Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, but these correlate poorly to established objective GI motility measures. Our aim is to perform a detailed evaluation of potential measures of gastric and small intestinal motility in patients with DM type 1 and severe GI symptoms. Methods Twenty patients with DM and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were included. GI motility was examined with a 3-dimensional-Transit capsule, while organ volumes were determined by CT scans. Results Patients with DM and HCs did not differ with regard to median gastric contraction frequency (DM: 3.0 contractions/minute [interquartile range {IQR}, 2.9-3.0]; HCs: 2.9 [IQR, 2.8-3.1]; P = 0.725), amplitude of gastric contractions (DM: 9 mm [IQR, 8-11]; HCs: 11 mm (IQR, 9-12); P = 0.151) or fasting volume of the stomach wall (DM: 149 ㎤ [IQR, 112-187]; HCs: 132 ㎤ [IQR, 107-154]; P = 0.121). Median gastric emptying time was prolonged in patients (DM: 3.3 hours [IQR, 2.6-4.6]; HCs: 2.4 hours [IQR, 1.8-2.7]; P = 0.002). No difference was found in small intestinal transit time (DM: 5 hours [IQR, 3.7-5.6]; HCs: 4.8 hours [IQR, 3.9-6.0]; P = 0.883). However, patients with DM had significantly larger volume of the small intestinal wall (DM: 623 ㎤ [IQR, 487-766]; HCs: 478 ㎤ [IQR, 393-589]; P = 0.003). Among patients, 13 (68%) had small intestinal wall volume and 9 (50%) had gastric emptying time above the upper 95% percentile of HCs. Conclusion In our study, gastric emptying time and volume of the small intestinal wall appeared to be the best objective measures in patients with DM type 1 and symptoms and gastroenteropathy. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021;27:390-399)
( Mette W Klinge ),( Peter Rask ),( Lene S Mortensen ),( Kathrine Lassen ),( Niels Ejskjaer ),( Lars H Ehlers ),( Klaus Krogh ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2017 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.23 No.4
Background/Aims Recurrent nausea and/or vomiting are common complications of diabetes mellitus. The conditions severely impact the quality of life of patients and often cause repeated admissions to hospital incurring significant healthcare costs. If standard treatment fails, gastric electrical stimulation (GES) may be offered in selected cases, as a minimally invasive, but expensive, therapeutic option. Our aims are to evaluate the clinical effect and the cost-utility of GES as a treatment for severe diabetic recurrent nausea and/or vomiting. Methods Among 33 diabetes patients implanted with GES because of recurrent nausea and/or vomiting, 30 were available for evaluation. The effect of treatment was assessed prospectively using symptom-diaries and the SF-36 questionnaires at baseline, after 6 and 12 months, and thereafter yearly. The number of days in hospital due to symptoms related to gastrointestinal dysfunction was calculated using hospital records 12 months prior to and 12 months after implantation. Results The surgical procedures were performed without mortality or major complications. Six months after surgery 78% of the respondents had at least 50% reduction in time with nausea and 48% had at least 50% reduction in days with vomiting. Symptom relief persisted at follow-up after at least 4 years. Quality adjusted life years improved after GES, which was cost-effective after 24 months. Conclusions GES reduces symptoms and improves quality of life in diabetes patients with recurrent nausea and/or vomiting. The procedure is supposed as cost-effective over a 2-year time horizon. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;23:541-549)