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Has Agencification Succeeded in Public Sector Reform? Realities and Rhetoric in the Case of Japan
Kiyoshi Yamamoto 서울대학교행정대학원 2008 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.16 No.1
The separation of implementation from policy has been diffused as ‘agencification’around the world. It is considered an organisational reform based on new publicmanagement (NPM). The semi-autonomous public organisations executing policy areset up and are given a greater flexibility in operations in exchange for strengtheningaccountability for results. The central government of Japan also adopted the organisationalreform in which agencies were called independent administrative institutions(IAIs). The reform intends not only to make the public service more transparent but toimprove efficiency and quality of services through separating the implementing functionsfrom the policy units, ministries and departments. It is assumed that flexibility inoperations and result orientation would improve organisational performance through afeedback instrument of evaluating results into the budget other than an incentivemechanism. This article investigates whether the intended objectives have beenaccomplished. The specific focus is on the impacts on the budgetary system in terms ofperformance. The analysis shows that in Japanese agencies, ex-post performanceinformation has not been fed into the budget process. Also the actual outcomes areexplained by an incremental funding system, technical problems in measurement ofresults (performance measurement) and bureaucratic motivation through adopting aprincipal agent model.
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Kiyoshi Hirano,Miya Kitagawa,Miwa Nakano,Yoshito Yamamoto,Tomoko Nishida,Kentaro Ikeda,Hiroyuki Sasaki 한국초지조사료학회 2009 한국초지조사료학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.08
In order to easily and rapidly establish low-cost grazing grasslands using centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) (CG) on abandoned cultivated land, the influences of slope direction and angle on the covering speed of CG were investigated. We established 61 quadrats at varying slope directions and angles, and the planting of CG was performed in 2003. The covering speed of CG was investigated from 2003 to 2008, and the years of point of inflection (YPI) was calculated. The most rapid YPI was 1.0-1.5 years in the quadrats in the S5°W direction with 0 degree slopes, while the slowest YPI was 3.0-3.5 years in the quadrats in the northern direction with 10-20 degree slopes. Therefore, grassland renovation using low quantities of CG seeds, which are sold at a high price in Japan, is favorable on land in the southern direction and with a lower slope.
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CONSTRAINTS ON A-DECAYING COSMOLOGY FROM OBSERVATIONAL POINT OF VIEW
KOMIYA ZEN,KAWABATA KIYOSHI,HIRANO KOICHI,BUNYA HIROSHI,YAMAMOTO NAOTAKA The Korean Astronomical Society 2005 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.38 No.2
To constrain the values of the model parameters for the cosmological models involving the time-decaying $\Lambda$ term, we have computed sets of theoretical predictions for the N-m relation of galaxies as well as the CMB angular power spectrum: three types of variation, viz., ${\Lambda}{\propto} T^{-1},\;a^{-m}$, and $H^n$ are thereby assumed following Overduin & Cooperstock (1998), although we concentrate here on the discussion of the results obtained from the first type. Our results for the N-m relation indicate that the observed excess of the galaxy counts N in the faint region beyond the blue apparent magnitude 24 can be reasonably well accounted for with the value of ${\iota}$ in the range between 0.2 and 1. Furthermore, a comparison of our computational results of the CMB spectra with the observational data shows that the models with a mild degree of the $\Lambda$ term decay, viz., with the value of ${\iota}{\le}$0.4, are favorable. In this case, the age of our universe turns out to be larger than or equal to 14 Gyr, the lower limit inferred from some Uranium datings.
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Ikoma, Toshikazu,Tsuchiya, Yasuo,Asai, Takao,Okano, Kiyoshi,Ito, Naoko,Endoh, Kazuo,Yamamoto, Masaharu,Nakamura, Kazutoshi Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.14
Our previous study detected aflatoxins in red chili peppers from Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, each of which have a high incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Since the aflatoxin B1 concentration was not so high in these peppers, it is important to clarify the presence of other mycotoxins. Here we attempted to determine any associations between the concentrations of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) in red chili peppers, and the corresponding GBC incidences. We collected red chili peppers from three areas in Peru: Trujillo (a high GBC incidence area), Cusco (an intermediate GBC incidence area), and Lima (a low GBC incidence rate), and from Chile and Bolivia. Aflatoxins and OTA were extracted with organic solvents. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, and OTA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The values obtained were compared with the incidence of GBC in each area or country. All of the red chili peppers from the three areas showed contamination with aflatoxins below the Commission of the European Communities (EC) recommended limits ($5{\mu}g/kg$), but the OTA contamination of two samples was above the EC recommended limit ($15{\mu}g/kg$). The mean concentrations of OTA in the peppers from Chile (mean $355{\mu}g/kg$, range < $5-1,059{\mu}g/kg$) and Bolivia (mean $207{\mu}g/kg$, range $0.8-628{\mu}g/kg$), which has a high incidence of GBC, were higher than that in Peru ($14{\mu}g/kg$, range < $5-47{\mu}g/kg$), which has an intermediate GBC incidence. The OTA contamination in the red chili peppers from Chile, Bolivia, and Peru was stronger than that of aflatoxins. Our data suggest that OTA in red chili peppers may be associated with the development of GBC.
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Asai, Takao,Tsuchiya, Yasuo,Okano, Kiyoshi,Piscoya, Alejandro,Nishi, Carlos Yoshito,Ikoma, Toshikazu,Oyama, Tomizo,Ikegami, Kikuo,Yamamoto, Masaharu Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.10
Chilean red chili peppers contaminated with aflatoxins were reported in a previous study. If the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in Chile is associated with a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers, such peppers from other countries having a high GBC incidence rate may also be contaminated with aflatoxins. We aimed to determine whether this might be the case for red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru. A total of 7 samples (3 from Bolivia, 4 from Peru) and 3 controls (2 from China, 1 from Japan) were evaluated. Aflatoxins were extracted with acetonitrile:water (9:1, v/v) and eluted through an immuno-affinity column. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then the detected aflatoxins were identified using HPLC-mass spectrometry. In some but not all of the samples from Bolivia and Peru, aflatoxin B1 or aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected. In particular, aflatoxin B1 or total aflatoxin concentrations in a Bolivian samples were above the maximum levels for aflatoxins in spices proposed by the European Commission. Red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru consumed by populations having high GBC incidence rates would appear to be contaminated with aflatoxins. These data suggest the possibility that a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers is related to the development of GBC, and the association between the two should be confirmed by a case-control study.
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Takeshi Makabe,Wataru Yamagami,Fumiaki Takahashi,Hideki Tokunaga,Eiko Yamamoto,Yoshihito Yokoyama,Kiyoshi Yoshino,Kei Kawana,Satoru Nagase 대한부인종양학회 2024 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.35 No.4
Objective: In this study, we collected data over 8 years (2012–2019) from the Japan Societyof Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) tumor registr y to determine the status of endometrialcancer in Japan, and analyzed detailed clinicopathological factors. Methods: The JSOG maintains a tumor registr y that gathers information on endometrialcancer treated at the JSOG-registered institutions. Data from the patients whose endometrialcancer treatment was initiated from 2012 to 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 82,969 patients with endometrial cancer under went treatment from 2012to 2019. Chemotherapy alone or in combination with hormonal therapy is more commonamong endometrial cancer patients under 40 years compared with those over 40 years. Thenumber of patients with endometrial cancer, treated with laparoscopic or robot-assistedsurger y was obser ved to have increased yearly. Small cell carcinomas and undifferentiatedcarcinomas were more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage. Lymphadenectomy wasmost commonly performed for stage IIIC2 disease, whereas positive peritoneal washingcytology was most common for stage IVB and serous carcinoma. Conclusion: Multi-year summar y reports provided detailed clinicopathological informationregarding endometrial cancer that could not be obtained in a single year. These reports wereuseful in understanding treatment strategies and trends over time based on age, histology,and stage.
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Ohshima, Jun,Lee, Youngae,Sasai, Miwa,Saitoh, Tatsuya,Su Ma, Ji,Kamiyama, Naganori,Matsuura, Yoshiharu,Pann-Ghill, Suh,Hayashi, Mikako,Ebisu, Shigeyuki,Takeda, Kiyoshi,Akira, Shizuo,Yamamoto, Masahiro The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 2014 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol.192 No.7
<P>IFN-γ mediates cellular innate immunity against an intracellular parasite, <I>Toxoplasma gondii</I>, by inducing immunity-related GTPases such as p47 IFN-γ–regulated GTPases (IRGs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), which also participate in antibacterial responses via autophagy. An essential autophagy protein, Atg5, was previously shown to play a critical role in anti–<I>T. gondii</I> cell-autonomous immunity. However, the involvement of other autophagy proteins remains unknown. In this study, we show that essential autophagy proteins differentially participate in anti–<I>T. gondii</I> cellular immunity by recruiting IFN-γ–inducible GTPases. IFN-γ–induced suppression of <I>T. gondii</I> proliferation and recruitment of an IRG Irgb6 and GBPs are profoundly impaired in Atg7- or Atg16L1-deficient cells. In contrast, cells lacking other essential autophagy proteins, Atg9a and Atg14, are capable of mediating the anti–<I>T. gondii</I> response and recruiting Irgb6 and GBPs to the parasites. Although IFN-γ also stimulates anti–<I>T. gondii</I> cellular immunity in humans, whether this response requires GBPs and human autophagy proteins remains to be seen. To analyze the role of human ATG16L1 and GBPs in IFN-γ–mediated anti–<I>T. gondii</I> responses, human cells lacking ATG16L1 or GBPs were generated by the Cas9/CRISPR genome-editing technique. Although both ATG16L1 and GBPs are dispensable for IFN-γ–induced inhibition of <I>T. gondii</I> proliferation in the human cells, human ATG16L1 is also required for the recruitment of GBPs. Taken together, human ATG16L1 and mouse autophagy components Atg7 and Atg16L1, but not Atg9a and Atg14, participate in the IFN-γ–induced recruitment of the immunity-related GTPases to the intracellular pathogen.</P>
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