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Comparison of Expert and Novice Pilot Situation Awareness during Landing
Wonjae Lee,Chunghoon Kim,Sungho Kim 대한인간공학회 2017 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.11
Objective: This study was to compare and quantify the level of situation awareness (SA) between expert and novice pilots using eye tracking features. Background: Successful and safe landing requires a high SA of pilots. However, existing studies have examined simple SA status, which was lack of comprehensively understanding by linking SA model and quantitative features. Method: The experiments were conducted by five repeated landing for four expert and four novice pilots using flight simulator and eye tracking equipment. Three eye tracking features (visit frequency, dwell time ratio, scan path entropy) were calculated for reflecting three level of SA model (perception, comprehension, projection). The classification of SA status was performed by applying significant eye tracking features, developing binary logistic regression model, testing 5-fold cross validation. Results: Visit frequency of expert pilots was 138%, 47%, 85%, 67%, 117%, and 91% higher than novice pilots in RPM, VVI, altimeter, heading, airspeed, and attitude areas of interest (AOIs) respectively; while 50% and 33% lower in runway and outside AOIs respectively. Dwell time ratio of expert pilots was 38% and 42% higher than novice pilots in runway and outside AOIs respectively; while 62%, 62%, and 65% lower in altimeter, airspeed, and attitude AOIs respectively. Scan path entropy of expert pilots was 33% higher than novice pilots in outside AOI; while 29% lower in attitude AOI. Sensitivity of the classification model for SA high and low status was 73.7%.Conclusion: This study showed that the difference between SA level of expert and novice pilots could be identified by using novel eye tracking features and applied to develop classification model for SA high and low status. Application: The results of this study can be used as objective data of strategy establishment or training feedback for novice pilots.
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Kim, Seyeon,Kim, Eunae,Lee, Wonjae,Hee Hong, Joon Marcel Dekker 2014 NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Vol.33 No.12
<P>On the basis of the discovery that the threosyl nucleoside phosphonate PMDTA is a potent anti-HIV compound, we synthesized several 4'-trifluoromethyl-5'-deoxyapiosyl nucleoside phosphonic acids and evaluated their anti-HIV activity. An efficient synthetic route was optimized, starting from an α-trifluoromethyl-α,β-unsaturated ester. Glycosylation of the purine nucleosidic bases with a glycosyl donor yielded modified nucleoside intermediates, which were then phosphonated and hydrolyzed to provide the targeted nucleoside analogs. Once synthesized, the anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities of each analog were evaluated. None of the analogs showed significant anti-HIV activity at concentrations up to 100?μM.</P>
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Kim Dongsung,Hwang Ji Eun,Cho Youngjin,Cho Hyoung-Won,Lee Wonjae,Lee Ji Hyun,Oh Il-Young,Baek Sumin,Lee Eunkyoung,Kim Joonghee 대한의학회 2022 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.37 No.10
Background: Rapid revascularization is the key to better patient outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Direct activation of cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) using artificial intelligence (AI) interpretation of initial electrocardiography (ECG) might help reduce door-to-balloon (D2B) time. To prove that this approach is feasible and beneficial, we assessed the non-inferiority of such a process over conventional evaluation and estimated its clinical benefits, including a reduction in D2B time, medical cost, and 1-year mortality. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study of emergency department (ED) patients suspected of having STEMI from January 2021 to June 2021. Quantitative ECG (QCG™), a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation system, was used for screening. The non-inferiority of the AI-driven CCL activation over joint clinical evaluation by emergency physicians and cardiologists was tested using a 5% non-inferiority margin. Results: Eighty patients (STEMI, 54 patients [67.5%]) were analyzed. The area under the curve of QCG score was 0.947. Binned at 50 (binary QCG), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 98.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.6%, 100.0%), 76.9% (95% CI, 60.7%, 93.1%), 89.8% (95% CI, 82.1%, 97.5%) and 95.2% (95% CI, 86.1%, 100.0%), respectively. The difference in sensitivity and specificity between binary QCG and the joint clinical decision was 3.7% (95% CI, −3.5%, 10.9%) and 19.2% (95% CI, −4.7%, 43.1%), respectively, confirming the non-inferiority. The estimated median reduction in D2B time, evaluation cost, and the relative risk of 1-year mortality were 11.0 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 7.3–20.0 minutes), 26,902.2 KRW (22.78 USD) per STEMI patient, and 12.39% (IQR, 7.51–22.54%), respectively. Conclusion: AI-assisted CCL activation using initial ECG is feasible. If such a policy is implemented, it would be reasonable to expect some reduction in D2B time, medical cost, and 1-year mortality.
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Kim, Seong Keun,Han, Gui Hwan,Seong, Wonjae,Kim, Haseong,Kim, Seon-Won,Lee, Dae-Hee,Lee, Seung-Goo Elsevier 2016 Metabolic engineering Vol.38 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Methods for simple and efficient regulation of metabolic pathway genes are essential for maximizing product titers and conversion yields, and for minimizing the metabolic burden caused by heterologous expression of multiple genes often in the operon context. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) interference (CRISPRi) is emerging as a promising tool for transcriptional modulation. In this study, we developed a regulatable CRISPRi system for fine-tuning biosynthetic pathways and thus directing carbon flux toward target product synthesis. By exploiting engineered <I>Escherichia coli</I> harboring a biosynthetic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and plant-derived terpenoid synthases, the CRISPRi system successfully modulated the expression of all the MVA pathway genes in the context of operon and blocked the transcription of the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the MVA pathway. This CRISPRi-guided balancing of expression of MVA pathway genes led to enhanced production of (-)-α-bisabolol (C15) and lycopene (C40) and alleviation of cell growth inhibition that may be caused by expression of multiple enzymes or production of toxic intermediate metabolites in the MVA pathway. Coupling CRISPRi to cell growth by regulating an endogenous essential gene (<I>ispA</I>) increased isoprene (C5) production. The regulatable CRISPRi system proved to be a robust platform for systematic modulation of biosynthetic and endogenous gene expression, and can be used to tune biosynthetic metabolic pathways. Its application can enable the development of microbial ‘smart cell’ factories that can produce other industrially valuable products in the future.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A regulatable CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system was developed. </LI> <LI> Developed CRISPRi system was successfully applied to terpenoid production. </LI> <LI> CRISPRi-guided balancing of MVA pathway greatly enhanced terpenoid production. </LI> <LI> Regulatable CRISPRi system can be a powerful tool for metabolic engineering. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Wonjae Kim Ewha Institute of English and American Studies 2019 Journal of English and American studies Vol.17 No.1
Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s Dictée (1982) is widely known for avant-garde experimental writing, which causes a zealous controversy in academic discourse between postmodernism and Asian-American discourse. Since Cha’s reflections on language, history, and myth are fragmented and disjunctive, this heteroglossia text provides readers diverse clashes, namely, clashes between English and French, national history and personal history, letters and images, lyric and epic et al. Precisely because of these clashes, the text defies the traditional notion of genre and writing, making readers perplexed and challenging to approach and interpret the text. In other words, the text rejects to be identified in a singular identity and leaves heterogeneous space, which is the point where the text is difficult to be located solely in experimentalism or Asian-American discourse. For both of experimental, postmodern and Asian-American discourses, the text has been approached mainly focusing on the first half of the text, which is a collage of excerpts and images of historical figures—Guan Soon Yu, Hyung Soon Huo, Joan of Arc and St. Thérèse of Lisieux. However, the majority of researches fail to read the text’s juxtaposition between the first half and the latter part of the text, since the latter part is almost inaccessible because of the inexplicable forms and contents. In conjunction with Julia Kristeva’s Revolution in Poetic Language and other essays, I argue that Cha’s artistic text unsettles rigidified, fixed and ideological language system with Cha’s own poetic language. In order to do so, I focus on Cha’s poetic utterances in Dictée, expressed in both the first half and the latter part of the book. Cha’s repetitive poetic utterances are a sound that wishes to find a home, and they wish to recuperate matrilineal language. With this poetic utterance, Cha’s writing records the multiple self(s) over the rigidity and fixity of ideological language and history by resisting to be contained in particular language and history that are deeply entrenched in an ideological discourse.
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Kim, Hyun-Soo,Kim, Na-Rae,Kim, Wankee,Choi, Wonja Springer International 2012 Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol.95 No.2
<P>Furfural is one of the major inhibitors generated during sugar production from cellulosic materials and, as an aldehyde, inhibits various cellular activities of microorganisms used, leading to prolonged lag time during ethanologenic fermentation. Since Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains tolerant to furfural are of great economic benefit in producing bioethanol, much effort to obtain more efficient strains continues to be made. In this study, we examined the furfural tolerance of transposon mutant strains (Tn 1-5) with enhanced ethanol tolerance and found that one of them (Tn 2), in which SSK2 is downregulated at the transcriptional level, displayed improved furfural tolerance. Such phenotype was abolished by complementation of the entire open reading frame of SSK2, which encodes a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway, suggesting an inhibitory effect of SSK2 in coping with furfural stress. Tn 2 showed a significant decrease in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and early and high activation of Hog1p, a MAP kinase integral to the HOG pathway in response to furfural. The transcriptional levels of CTT1 and GLR1, two of known Hog1p downstream target genes whose protein products are involved in reducing ROS, were increased by 43 % and 56 % respectively compared with a control strain, probably resulting in the ROS decrease. Tn 2 also showed a shortened lag time during fermentation in the presence of furfural, resulting from efficient conversion of furfural to non-toxic (or less toxic) furfuryl alcohol. Taken together, the enhanced furfural tolerance of Tn 2 is suggested to be conferred by the combined effect of an early event of less ROS accumulation and a late event of efficient detoxification of furfural.</P>
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