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A SPECTRAL SUBTRACTION USING PHONEMIC AND AUDITORY PROPERTIES
Kang, Sunmee,Kim, Wooil,Ko, Hanseok 한국음성과학회 1998 음성과학 Vol.4 No.2
this paper proposes a speech state-dependent spectral subraction method to regulate the blind spectral subraction for improved enhancement. In the proposed method, a modified subtraction rule is applied over the speech selectively contingent to the speech state being voiced or unvoiced, in an effort to incorporate the acoustic characteristics of phonmes. In particula, the objective of the proposed method is to remedy the subtraction induced signal distortion attained by two stat-dependent procedures, spectrum sharpening and minmim spectral bound. In order to remove the residual noise, the proposed method employs a procedure utilizing the masking effect. Proposed spectral subtraction including state-dependent subraction and residual noise reduction using the masking threshold shows effectiveness in compensation of spectral distortion in the unvoiced region and residual noise reductin. Keywords: spectral subtraction, phonemic, auditory properties, mask effect, noise reduction
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방송목록과 사용자 경험 정보를 이용한 매장 음원 방송 서비스의 개선
강선미(Sunmee Kang),김현득(Hyundeuc Kim),장문수(Moonsoo Chang) 한국음성학회 2008 음성과학 Vol.15 No.4
This paper proposes the way of improvement and system build-up for shop music broadcasting services provided by the Internet. Comparing the shop music broadcasting services and personal music broadcasting services, we propose the way of shop music broadcasting services customers prefer to. That is, such a function is provided that a user can control the broadcasting music lists a specialist provides according to the current circumstance of shop. This paper proposes the whole system such a service is possible and verifies the efficiency by experiments.
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정주형 이민자에서 상용치료원이 투약순응도에 미치는 영향
강희진 ( Hee-jin Kang ),강신우 ( Cinoo Kang ),조혜민 ( Hyemin Cho ),장선미 ( Sunmee Jang ) 한국보건경제정책학회 2020 보건경제와 정책연구 Vol.26 No.4
Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires continuing medical care and self-management. Diabetes patients with a usual source of care or high medication adherence are less likely to be hospitalized or visited the emergency room or to develop diabetes-related complications. However, Little study has been done on a usual source of care and medication adherence in domestic immigrants with diabetes. Therefore, this study aims to identify a usual source of care and medication adherence in immigrants with diabetes. We analyzed using the health insurance claim data from 2011 to 2015 and included immigrants enrolled in health insurance. We selected immigrants who had prescriptions at the time of diabetic diagnosis in 2012 and followed them for 3 years. A usual source of care and medication adherence by Medication Possession Ration (MPR) were calculated and high medication adherence was defined by greater than or equal to 80% of MPR. To explore an association between medication adherence and a usual source of care among immigrants, multiple logistic regression was conducted. For 3 years, 15.6% of the patients visited one medical institution (regular) and 27.2% of the patients visited more than five. The mean MPR for 3-year durations was 64.0%. The MPR decreased by 60% at 24 months. As a result of the analysis of factors influencing medication adherence, the likelihood of becoming a non-adherence group was higher in marriage immigrants than in permanent residents, and higher in patients visited more than five medical institutions compared to one. As patients who had a usual source of care could further increase the medication adherence, the importance of the usual source of care was confirmed, and it was also applied to domestic immigrants.
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The Role of Social Distance in the Collaborative Consumption
Kang, Juyoung(강주영),Kim, Sooyun(김수연),Kim, Heejin(김희진),Choi, Sunmee(최선미) 한국서비스경영학회 2019 서비스경영학회지 Vol.20 No.4
In the collaborative consumption context, peer service customers and peer service providers can both be from diverse backgrounds. When their backgrounds differ, the difference can lead to social distance between the two, which can influence their reactions to each other. Few studies have addressed this issue or how to resolve it. This study aims to be the first to examine this issue from the peer service customer’s perspective by examining the effect of a peer service customer’s perceived social distance on his/her response to the peer service provider and the platform providing firm, and the effect of the peer service provider’s communication style on reducing the negative effect of perceived social distance. Data was collected using a scenario-based online survey with a 2(levels of social distance: high vs. low) x 2(communication accommodation styles: convergence vs. maintenance) between-subject experimental design. The findings demonstrated the significant negative effect of social distance, and the use of convergence style as a viable option to effectively reduce the negative effect.
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Juyoung Kang,Sooyun Kim,Sunmee Choi,Heejin Kim 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07
Introduction Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in peer to peer (P2P) sharing-service businesses such as Uber and Airbnb. In P2P sharing-service businesses, goods or services are provided by customers (peers) rather than by service firms, who act simply as an intermediary between customers. One customer acts as a service-providing customer (SPC), and the other as a service-receiving customer (SRC). P2P sharing-service firms have no direct control over an SPC’s quality of service provided to an SRC. Further, both SPCs and SRCs are customers to the firm, and therefore firms are concerned with the quality of service provided not only to SRCs but also to SPCs. In the P2P sharing-service context, particularly in the case of services serving the needs of diverse travelers (e.g., Uber or Airbnb), SPCs and SRCs can be people of different genders and races, which can cause them to feel socially distant from each other. Since SPCs are not professional service employees, they may not know how to cope with the social distance, which can result in uncomfortable service experience for both SPCs and SRCs. The more similar to the SPC an SRC feels, the more comfortable the SRC is likely to feel, which can lead to higher service satisfaction. Yet, few studies examined how such social distance can be reduced. This study is intended to fill this gap in the research. Specifically, we propose that an SPC’s form of address for SRC can moderate the effect of the incongruence in gender and race on an SRC’s perceived social distance. Theoretical Development Social distance refers to the level of acceptance people have of others outside of their own social group or class (Bogardus, 1928). It is a measure of perceived difference (or distance) between groups. In the context of the P2P sharing service, SRCs and SPCs can be from diverse social groups. When an SRC encounters an SPC from a social group that is different from theirs, the SRC can feel socially distant from the SPC. Immediate differences an SRC can identify upon meeting an SPC is demographic such as gender, age and race. In this study, we first propose that the difference (incongruence) in gender, age and race makes an SRC feel socially distant from an SPC. Social distance is closely related with similarity (Osbeck & Moghaddam, 1997; Liviatan, Trope & Liberman, 2009). In the context of mentoring, the higher the perceived and actual similarity a portage feels with a mentor, the higher the level of the portage liking and satisfaction for the mentor and with the mentoring service (Ensher, 1997). Matching gender and race between a mentor and a portage positively influenced self-reported grade point average, efficacy and confidence of a portage (Blake-Beard et al. 2011). Race was well demonstrated to influence social distance (Triandis & Triandis, 1960). Taken together, we conjecture that the effect of the difference in gender and race on social distance will apply to the P2P sharing service context and propose the following hypothesis: H1: The incongruence in gender and race between an SRC and an SPC will make SRCs feel more socially distant from SPCs compared to the case of congruence. We propose in this study that the form of address for SRCs by SPCs can influence the level of social distance SRCs feel because of the incongruence in gender and race. The relationship between forms of address and social distance has been proposed (Brown, 1965). Intimate terms of address is associated with intimate relationship. Intimate terms of address is inversely proportional to social distance (Keshavarz, 2001). Calling someone by the first name is related with friendliness (Brown, 1961). The use of first name is positively associated with closeness in relationship (Brown, 1965). An empirical study in the healthcare context showed that most patients preferred to be addressed by the first name (as opposed to last name) (Gillette, Filak & Thorne, 1984). Taken together, we propose the following: H2: Intimate forms of address by the SPC for the SRC will reduce the level of social distance caused by the incongruence in gender and race. We propose that the level of perceived social distance influences the level of comfort SRCs feel with the SPC during the service delivery. The negative effect of social distance on the level of interaction comfort has been shown (Paswan & Ganesh, 2005). In the context of service encounters where customers feel cultural differences, psychological distance was shown to influence comfort negatively (Weiermair, 2000). Since social distance is a dimension of psychological distance (Trope & Liberman, 2011), we propose the effect of social distance on comfort as following: H3: Reduced social distance will lead to a higher level of comfort. The effect of social distance on comfort can vary by customers. In this study, we propose that the effect is moderated by the customer’s motive for the purchase of the P2P sharing service. There are largely four movies for customers who participate in collective consumptions (i.e., sharing service): economic motive, social motive, hedonic motive, and the motive to reduce risks and responsibilities (Benoit, Baker, Bolton, Gruner & Kandampully, 2017). Economic motives are associated with reducing expenses, and social motives are with meeting other people (e.g. more authentic travel) (Benoit et al., 2017). Hedonic motives are related with “accessing products that are exciting or normally out of reach” while motives to reduce risks and responsibilities are related with “no burdens of ownership, option to preview a product for potential purchase” (Benoit et al., 2017). According to a research in the context of P2P accommodations, cost saving, familiarity, trust, and utility are determinants of satisfaction with a sharing option. Thus, we propose that customer motives moderate the effect of social distance on comfort (M?hlmann, 2015). H4: The effect of social distance on comfort vary by customer motives for purchase. When feeling comfortable, people are more likely to trust, feel satisfied, and commit themselves, which can help improve relationship (Spake, Beatty, Brockman & Crutchfield. 2003). Comfort positively influences perceived service quality and satisfaction (Dabholkar, Shepherd & Thorpe, 2000). Comfort influences satisfaction positively (Paswan & Ganesh, 2005). In the P2P sharing-service context, SRCs’ evaluation of SPCs are carried out by reviews. Customer reviews of SPCs’ services are vitally important for both SRCs and SPCs. Reviews help other SRCs to identify desirable SPCs (Ert, Fleischer & Magen, 2016) and SPCs to receive feedback for their service quality improvement. Therefore, we propose the following: H5: Comfort leads to SRC’s intention to write good reviews. Data Collection Data will be collected from American consumers who have used Uber at least once in the past one year through an online scenario-based survey using a 2 (genders: male vs. female) x 3 (races: white vs. yellow vs. black) x 3 (forms of address: no address vs. first name vs. last name) between-subject experimental design. Hypotheses will be tested by an analysis of variance and a structural equation modeling analysis. In the analyses, the potential effects of trust, familiarity, community belonging, utility (M?hlmann, 2015) and age will be controlled. Implications Findings of this study will reveal the importance of reducing social distance that SRCs feel during encounters with SPCs. Of many possible ways to reduce social distance between SRCs and SPCs, the result of this study will show that SPCs’ use of appropriate form of address to SRCs is effective. Further, it will show that the effect of social distance on customer comfort can vary by the purpose of the use of the sharing service. These findings will offer P2P service firms insights on how to help SPCs offer more comfortable services to SRCs and as a result receive positive reviews from SRCs.
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노인장기요양시설에서의 미사용 의약품 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인
장선미(Sunmee Jang),강신우(Cinoo Kang) 대한약학회 2022 약학회지 Vol.66 No.6
As the number of elderly living in long-term care facilities increases, unused medicines are also increasing. This study investigated the status of unused medicines in long-term care facilities and the factors affecting it. Using National Health Insurance Claims Database(NHICB) and Long-term Care Insurance Claims Database(LTCHCD), 137,309 people who lived only in long-term care facilities and took prescription drugs in 2019 were analyzed in this study. Most of them were prescribed by the clinic (41%), and the days per prescription were 25 days in average. Only 1.8% of prescriptions were from tertiary general hospitals, but the days per prescription reached 85 days, accounting for 67% of prescriptions for more than 60 days. The average age of long-term care facility residents was 84.8 years, and 22.6% of them deceased in 2019. 33.7% of the subjects had unused medicines. The days of unused medicines due to duplication in pharmacologically equivalent groups were 13 days in average. The average days of unused medicine due to death were comparatively longer, which was 75.5 days. Unused medicine costs were about 0.9% of the total pharmaceutical expenditures and 77.8% of the costs was caused by death. Unused medicines increased as the number of outpatient visits increased (Relative Risk (RR): 1.14) or when the days per prescription were long (RR: 1.16). Older adults who died were 15 times more likely to have unused medicines than those who were alive. The amount of unused medicines in long-term care facilities is substantial, so it is necessary to establish appropriate policies to reduce it.
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