Taming the Tide of Maritime Piracy in Nigeria's Territorial Waters

Anele, Kalu Kingsley Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2015 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.39 No.2

The rising spate of piracy in Nigeria's territorial waters has become a burden on the economic development of the country. It has adversely affected the exportation of crude oil, which is the mainstay of the country's economy. Pirates target and hijack vessels carrying oil and gas, thus reducing the revenue accruable to the country from selling these resources. Piracy also affects the fishing industry which is another source of revenue to the country. Nigeria, as an import dependent country, relies on the importation of finished goods, and this is seriously affected by piracy. This study briefly examines the root causes of piracy in Nigeria. Further, the study interrogates the effects of piracy, identifies the challenges in the suppression of the crime and proffers suggestions toward suppressing the crime in the country. Against this backdrop, the study argues, among other things, that an expansive definition of piracy is key in the fight against this maritime crime in Nigeria, because the present legal regime is restrictive and limited in scope, thus, it does not reflect the modern piratical acts. More importantly, Nigeria must criminalise piracy in its domestic law in other to police its territorial waters, capture and prosecute pirates in its local courts.

A critical analysis of the impact of enhanced infrastructure in art-craft development in North Sumatra

Kalu Kingsley Anele(카루 킹슬리 아넬레) 한복문화학회 2020 韓服文化 Vol.23 No.1

북부수마트라의 바틱, 울로스, 이캇, 파당 파당, 목공예, 금속 공예 및 고대 거석과 같은 수많은 공예품을 감안할 때 이 지역에 향상된 인프라를 도입하는 것이 절대적으로 필요하다. 공예 예술은 관광, 창조 산업, 원자재 공급, 수출 등의 요인에 의해 지속 될 수 있다. 결과적으로, 북부수마트라의 기반시설과 공예 예술 개발 사이의 연관성은 위의 요인들에 의해 평가 될 수 있다. 인프라 개발은 공예품의 원료, 생산, 마케팅 및 판매에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 북부수마트라 지역의 기존 인프라는 글로벌 기준에 미치지 못해 이 지역의 공예산업에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있어, 북부 수마트라 지역에 강화되고 효과적인 인프라를 도입하는 것이 반드시 필요하다. 이에 본문에서 사진 및 데이터를 인용해 북부 스마트라의 공예 예술품과 관광의 중요성에 대해 서술하였으며, 더 나아가 인도네시아 정부가 인프라 개발에 착수했지만 자금 부족, 부패, 부적절한 공공의 민간 파트너십, 토지취득의 어려움 등이 이러한 인프라 개발 프로젝트를 방해하고 있는 사실도 확인하였다. 따라서 인도네시아 정부는 공예예술 산업에서 인프라의 중요성에 따라 법률, 정책 및 프로그램을 통해 적절한 자금을 제공하고 공공민간 파트너십의 사용을 장려하며, 부패한 정부 공무원을 기소하며 해당 지역의 기존 인프라 개발 및 프로젝트 실행을 감독해야 한다. 이러한 조치의 도입과 이행은 북부 스마트라 공예 산업의 인프라 강화에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 인도네시아 관광 부문에 있어 효과적이고 효율적인 인프라의 구축에 정점이 될 것이다.

Characteristics and potentials of Batak art-crafts in Indonesia

Kalu Kingsley Anele 한복문화학회 2019 韓服文化 Vol.22 No.4

The Batak ethnic group is one of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia, with abundant cultures, enormous cultural heritages, and unique art-crafts that bolster the economy of the country. More so, the Bataks have six tribles which include Batak Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Mandailing, and Angkola. These tribes also have their own peculiar cultures, cultural heritages and, more importantly, art-crafts. In view of art-crafts, the Batak ethnic group is known for its creativity in, inter alia, metal, wood, traditional architecture, and textile art-crafts. These art-craft products are instrumental in tourism development in Batak. Beyond the economic importance of these art-craft products, they also have symbolic meanings to the Bataknese. For illustrative purposes, the spiral shape of the Padung-padung symbolically represent the power of the sun and the moon, air, water, thunder, and lightning, vortex, and creativity in Batak society. From the foregoing, this paper focuses on Batak art-crafts, to wit, ulos, padung-padung, Batak traditional architecture, and wood carvings, especially their characteristics and potentials. Consequently, the symbolic values of these art-crafts and their economic contributions to Indonesia are vigorously reviewed. The paper argues that Batak art-crafts not only have symbolic values in the spiritual and communal lives of the Bataks but also contribute to the economy of Indonesia through tourism and the creative economy. The paper also identifies some challenges confronting Batak art-crafts in contemporary society like education, religion, globalisation, and technology. The paper argues that though education, religion, globalisation, and technology are essential elements of a developed country, they also contribute in swaying the interest of the new generation from their cultures or introducing foreign cultures to the millennials. It is submitted that whereas Batak art-crafts should be preserved, there is a need to make them compatible to modern society, especially in view of the millennials, tourism and the creative economy in Indonesia.

A Comparative Analysis of the Making of the Nigerian Adire and the Indonesian Batik and their Socioeconomic Importance

Anele, Kalu Kingsley(아넬레 카루 킹스리),Lee Jung-Eun(이정은),Cha Eui-Young(차의영) 한복문화학회 2021 韓服文化 Vol.24 No.1

직물에 패턴을 만드는 나이지리아의 아디르와 인도네시아의 바틱 기술은 오랜 문화 및 창의적 활동이다. 더욱이, 직물의 모티프는 사람들의 뚜렷한 사회적, 종교적, 영적, 의식적, 직업적, 장식적 특성을 아름답게 미화하며 상징한다. 결과적으로 아디르와 바틱의 디자인 및 생산은 양국 개발에 수반되는 경제적 중요성과 함께 예술 공예 산업, 관광 부문 및 창조 경제에서 매우 큰 중요성을 가지고 있다. 이 논문은 공통점과 차이점을 파악하기 위해 디자인을 만들고 아디르와 바틱을 만드는 과정을 비교 분석하는데 중점을 두었다. 보다 자세히는 관광 부문의 프리즘과 창조 경제를 통해 나이지리아와 인도네시아의 예술 공예품의 경제적 중요성을 평가하고 그들의 디자인과 생산을 향상시키는 방법을 제안하였다. 이 연구에서 채택한 방법론은 본질적 비교 및 법률 문서와 같은 1차 자료와 저널 기사와 같은 2 차 자료를 변증 법적으로 분석하였다. 또한, 사진, 데이터, 학술 출판물 등을 비판적으로 검토하여 아디르와 바틱의 디자인 제작 및 제작 과정에서 많은 공통점을 가지고 있음을 강조하였다. 이 논문은 두 직물의 차이점을 강조하면서 디자인과 생산을 개선하기 위해 유사한 조치가 권장 될 수 있다고 평가한다. 따라서 현재 세계화되고 디지털화 된 사회의 특성을 감안할 때, 아디르와 바틱을 디자인하고 생산하는 현대적인 방법을 도입하는 것이 필수적이라 지적하였다. 또한, 본 논문은 나이지리아와 인도네시아 정부가 민간 부문 투자를 위한 우호적인 환경을 조성하고 있으며 직물의 디자인과 제작에 참여하는 등 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 관찰하였다. 이는 우호적인 조세 제도 등을 도입함으로써 가능해진다. 또한 양국의 농촌 지역에 전력 공급 및 인터넷 시설 확장과 같은 다른 인프라 개발 프로젝트에 참여하면 아디르와 바틱의 설계 및 생산을 강화할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 세계화되고 디지털화 된 세계에서 현대 기술을 사용한 아디르 및 바틱의 마케팅을 촉진하기 위한 추가 연구의 필요성도 강조하고 있다.

Taming the Tide of Maritime Piracy in Nigeria's Territorial Waters

Kalu Kingsley Anele 한국항해항만학회 2015 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.39 No.2

The rising spate of piracy in Nigeria's territorial waters has become a burden on the economic development of the country. It has adversely affected the exportation of crude oil, which is the mainstay of the country's economy. Pirates target and hijack vessels carrying oil and gas, thus reducing the revenue accruable to the country from selling these resources. Piracy also affects the fishing industry which is another source of revenue to the country. Nigeria, as an import dependent country, relies on the importation of finished goods, and this is seriously affected by piracy. This study briefly examines the root causes of piracy in Nigeria. Further, the study interrogates the effects of piracy, identifies the challenges in the suppression of the crime and proffers suggestions toward suppressing the crime in the country. Against this backdrop, the study argues, among other things, that an expansive definition of piracy is key in the fight against this maritime crime in Nigeria, because the present legal regime is restrictive and limited in scope, thus, it does not reflect the modern piratical acts. More importantly, Nigeria must criminalise piracy in its domestic law in other to police its territorial waters, capture and prosecute pirates in its local courts.

Labour Rights Class Action in the Maritime Sector: Lessons for Nigerian seafarers

( Anele Kalu Kingsley ),( Ubochioma Wiseman ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2019 서울대학교 法學 Vol.60 No.1

Despite the fact that seafaring is a dangerous occupation due to the hazardous nature of vessel as a workplace, Nigerian seafarers’ labour right are violated by shipping companies without any kind of or sufficient redress. Aside from working overtime in an environment that is prone to health challenges, seafarers most times are underpaid or not paid as and when due, receive inadequate medical care, and their employments are whimsically terminated without recourse to the terms of the contract of employment and constitutionally enshrined right to fair hearing. Further, consequent upon the cost of litigation, duration of cases in Nigerian courts, and the dim prospect of getting another seafaring job, the right of Nigerian seafarers to seek redress for such breaches with a view to receiving compensation, modifying the behaviour of shipping companies, and preventing such abuses is jettisoned. This paper examines the existing labour relationship between seafarers and shipping companies in Nigeria and argues that the limited scope of class action in the country inhibits seamen from suing ship operators for malfeasance. The paper further argues that due to the difficulties in seeking redress by a seafarer against an erring shipping company, class action provides a viable option for seamen to sue defaulting shipping companies and to ensure that such malfeasance by shipping companies is prevented. Mindful of the overwhelming limitations of class action in Nigeria, the paper concludes that appropriate laws and institutional reforms should be made to improve class litigation in the country, while enlightenment programme should be launched to sensitise seafarers on their inalienable labour rights and the existence of class action platform to seek redress against defaulting shipping companies.

A Comparative Analysis of the Arrest of Ship Procedures in Nigeria and Korea: The Need for a Paradigm Change

Kalu Kingsley Anele 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2020 Journal of Korean Law Vol.19 No.2

Nigeria and Korea largely represent cargo and shipowners’ interests, respectively. Hence, the regime of the arrest of a ship is germane in their respective maritime industries. Though both countries have not domesticated either of the ship arrest conventions, their existing admiralty or civil procedure laws and rules of court have always been triggered where matters require arresting vessels. This research comparatively analyses the arrest of ship procedures in Nigeria and Korea with a view to recommending measures to introduce effective and liberal arrest procedures in both countries. The paper argues that whereas Korea should include a bareboat charter in its arrest regime, Nigeria needs an efficient civil justice system to enhance its ship arrest framework. It is further suggested that both jurisdictions should consider introducing associated ship arrest, accept the Protection and Indemnity Club letter of undertaking as a guarantee for the release of the arrested ships, and introduce balanced wrongful arrest models in their jurisdictions. Consequently, this paper submits that though it is expedient for both countries to domesticate one of the ship arrest conventions, the focus should be on amending the local legislation and rules of court to introduce liberal arrest of ship procedures in both jurisdictions.

In the absence of the domestication of other maritime instruments, can Nigeria suppress piracy off its coast through the instrumentality of the ISPS Code?

Kalu Kingsley Anele 한국해사법학회 2016 해사법연구 Vol.28 No.3

지속적으로 발생하고 있는 해적 문제에 대해서 해사보안 관련 협약의 시행 이 해적활동을 진압하는 중요한 방법 중의 하나로 여겨진다. 하지만 더 중요한 것은 그러한 협약이 해적방지를 강화하고 선박에 대한 해적활동 대응책을 장려 하며, 그리고 해적을 상대할 수 있는 기타 모든 방법을 도입 및 강화시킬 수 있 는 기회를 제공해야 한다는 것이다. 한편, 나이지리아 해적의 특성은 항만과 주 변 환경, 연안, 공해와 같은 영토적인 요소와 함께 사회적인 요소를 포함하고 있다. 선박 및 항만시설 보안 코드는 해사분야의 이해관계자에게 역할을 분담 함으로써 해적으로 인한 보안 위험요소를 예방하고 극복하는 데 있어서 전 해 역에 걸쳐 적용될 제도를 도입하고 있다. 이 논문은 전 세계의 해적방지를 목적으로 나이지리아 연안에서의 해적을 방지하기 위해 동 코드의 역할을 살펴보 고자 한다. 그리고 이 논문은 동 코드의 효과적이고 광범위한 시행이 해적공격 에 대한 선박의 취약성을 감소시키고 해적위험성 평가를 강화시키며 궁극적으 로 나이지리아 연안에서의 해적발생을 감소시키는 등 해적행위 대응을 위한 능 력개발을 강화시키는지에 대해 고찰해보고자 한다. Consequent upon the grave implications of piracy, it is trite that the implementation of relevant maritime security instruments is one of the major mechanisms in suppressing piratical acts. More importantly, such instruments should enhance the prevention and encourage the repelling of piratical attacks against vessels as well as provide a platform for introducing and enforcing other mechanisms to counter piracy. And it is imperative to highlight that the nature of the Nigerian piracy involves territorial interface: the port and its surroundings, the country’s coast, and the high seas; which warrants the introduction and use of a legal regime that encapsulates these circumstances. Against this backdrop, the International Ship and Port Facilities Security Code introduces a regime that is applicable across maritime zones in preventing and overcoming insecurity as a result of piracy by apportioning roles to the stakeholders in the maritime sector. In view of that, this paper explores the use of the code to combat piracy off the coast of Nigeria, in addition, for the purpose of global anti-piracy. The paper argues that the effective and comprehensive implementation of the code reduces the vulnerability of vessels to piratical attack, enhances assessment and evaluation of piracy risks as well as strengthens capacity building in repelling piratical acts, among others, thereby reducing the incidence of piracy off the Nigerian coast.

PIRACY IN NIGERIA: USING THE VOLUNTARY IMO MEMBER STATE AUDIT SCHEME AS A COUNTERMEASURE

Kalu Kingsley Anele,이윤철 한국해양수산개발원 2015 해양정책연구 Vol.30 No.1

The implementation and enforcement of international maritime security instruments is pivotal to the suppression of piracy. Member states of the International Maritime Organisation are therefore expected to fulfill their treaty obligations in relation to securing the shipping industry. The International Maritime Organisation lacks the power to implement and enforce these security instruments which makes it difficult to monitor member states’ implementation of their treaty obligations. As a consequence, the regime of Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme allows member states to voluntarily access their performance regarding the implementation and enforcement of mandatory International Maritime Organisation conventions and other related instruments, through a third party. The implementation of maritime security instruments is an integral part of the multifaceted approach towards suppressing global piracy. Considering the nature of piracy in Nigeria, this paper argues that the use of Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme complements the fight against piracy in the country.

Labour Rights Class Action in the Maritime Sector: Lessons for Nigerian seafarers

Kalu Kingsley Anele,Wiseman Ubochioma 서울대학교 법학연구소 2019 서울대학교 法學 Vol.60 No.1

Despite the fact that seafaring is a dangerous occupation due to the hazardous nature of vessel as a workplace, Nigerian seafarers’ labour right are violated by shipping companies without any kind of or sufficient redress. Aside from working overtime in an environment that is prone to health challenges, seafarers most times are underpaid or not paid as and when due, receive inadequate medical care, and their employments are whimsically terminated without recourse to the terms of the contract of employment and constitutionally enshrined right to fair hearing. Further, consequent upon the cost of litigation, duration of cases in Nigerian courts, and the dim prospect of getting another seafaring job, the right of Nigerian seafarers to seek redress for such breaches with a view to receiving compensation, modifying the behaviour of shipping companies, and preventing such abuses is jettisoned. This paper examines the existing labour relationship between seafarers and shipping companies in Nigeria and argues that the limited scope of class action in the country inhibits seamen from suing ship operators for malfeasance. The paper further argues that due to the difficulties in seeking redress by a seafarer against an erring shipping company, class action provides a viable option for seamen to sue defaulting shipping companies and to ensure that such malfeasance by shipping companies is prevented. Mindful of the overwhelming limitations of class action in Nigeria, the paper concludes that appropriate laws and institutional reforms should be made to improve class litigation in the country, while enlightenment programme should be launched to sensitise seafarers on their inalienable labour rights and the existence of class action platform to seek redress against defaulting shipping companies.