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Animacy Effects on the Mistaken Passivization of Unaccusatives in Korean Learners of English
John Williamson,김수연 한국영어학학회 2014 영어학연구 Vol.20 No.3
This paper investigates factors that contribute to the high rate of mistaken passivization phenomenon of English unaccusative verbs by Korean EFL learners. By modifying the questionnaire employed by Ju (2000) to test for the pragmatic influence of a conceptualizable agent on the overpassivization rate, this study focuses on the impact of animate entities with respect to subjecthood and agentivity. Two experiments of this study manipulate animacy levels of the subjects and of the conceptual agents respectively to see whether overpassivization errors are from learners’ misunderstanding of unaccusative constructions as instances of passive. Our results show that there is an increase in the acceptance of a mistaken passivization when the subject of the unaccusative sentence is inanimate and when a conceptualizable agent in the priming sentence is animate, indicating that animacy exerts its influences on interlanguage grammar of Korean learners of English with respect to the use of passive morphology. Previously studied factors in the overpassivization literature such as L2 intralanguage interference from unaccusatives with an alternating form and L1 negative transfer from morphological differences in argument realization are also given factorial consideration.
The Aqua-Planet Experiment (APE): Response to Changed Meridional SST Profile
WILLIAMSON, David L.,BLACKBURN, Michael,NAKAJIMA, Kensuke,OHFUCHI, Wataru,TAKAHASHI, Yoshiyuki O.,HAYASHI, Yoshi-Yuki,NAKAMURA, Hisashi,ISHIWATARI, Masaki,McGREGOR, John L.,BORTH, Hartmut,WIRTH, Volkm Meteorological Society of Japan 2013 Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol.a91 No.-
National nephrectomy registries: Reviewing the need for population-based data
John Pearson,Timothy Williamson,Joseph Ischia,Damien M Bolton,Mark Frydenberg,Nathan Lawrentschuk 대한비뇨의학회 2015 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.56 No.9
Nephrectomy is the cornerstone therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and continued refinement of the procedure through research may enhance patient outcomes. A national nephrectomy registry may provide the key information needed to assess the procedure at a national level. The aim of this study was to review nephrectomy data available at a population-based level in Australia and to benchmark these data against data from the rest of the world as an examination of the national nephrectomy registry model. A PubMed search identified records pertaining to RCC nephrectomy in Australia. A similar search identified records relating to established nephrectomy registries internationally and other surgical registries of clinical importance. These records were reviewed to address the stated aims of this article. Population-based data within Australia for nephrectomy were lacking. Key issues identified were the difficulty in benchmarking outcomes and no ongoing monitoring of trends. The care centralization debate, which questions whether small-volume centers provide comparable outcomes to high-volume centers, is ongoing. Patterns of adherence and the effectiveness of existing protocols are uncertain. A review of established international registries demonstrated that the registry model can effectively address issues comparable to those identified in the Australian literature. A national nephrectomy registry could address deficiencies identified in a given nation's nephrectomy field. The model is supported by evidence from international examples and will provide the population-based data needed for studies. Scope exists for possible integration with other registries to develop a more encompassing urological or surgical registry. Need remains for further exploration of the feasibility and practicalities of initiating such a registry including a minimum data set, outcome indicators, and auditing of data.
The Aqua-Planet Experiment (APE): CONTROL SST Simulation
BLACKBURN, Michael,WILLIAMSON, David L.,NAKAJIMA, Kensuke,OHFUCHI, Wataru,TAKAHASHI, Yoshiyuki O.,HAYASHI, Yoshi-Yuki,NAKAMURA, Hisashi,ISHIWATARI, Masaki,McGREGOR, John L.,BORTH, Hartmut,WIRTH, Volkm Meteorological Society of Japan 2013 Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Vol.a91 No.-
A High Performance Spelling System based on EEG-EOG Signals With Visual Feedback
Lee, Min-Ho,Williamson, John,Won, Dong-Ok,Fazli, Siamac,Lee, Seong-Whan IEEE 2018 IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilita Vol.26 No.7
<P>In this paper, we propose a highly accurate and fast spelling system that employs multi-modal electroencephalography-electrooculography (EEG-EOG) signals and visual feedback technology. Over the last 20 years, various types of speller systems have been developed in brain-computer interface and EOG/eye-tracking research; however, these conventional systems have a tradeoff between the spelling accuracy (or decoding) and typing speed. Healthy users and physically challenged participants, in particular, may become exhausted quickly; thus, there is a need for a speller system with fast typing speed while retaining a high level of spelling accuracy. In this paper, we propose the first hybrid speller system that combines EEG and EOG signals with visual feedback technology so that the user and the speller system can act cooperatively for optimal decision-making. The proposed spelling system consists of a classic row-column event-related potential (ERP) speller, an EOG command detector, and visual feedback modules. First, the online ERP speller calculates classification probabilities for all candidate characters from the EEG epochs. Second, characters are sorted by their probability, and the characters with the highest probabilities are highlighted as visual feedback within the row-column spelling layout. Finally, the user can actively select the character as the target by generating an EOG command. The proposed system shows 97.6% spelling accuracy and an information transfer rate of 39.6 (±13.2) [bits/min] across 20 participants. In our extended experiment, we redesigned the visual feedback and minimized the number of channels (four channels) in order to enhance the speller performance and increase usability. Most importantly, a new weighted strategy resulted in 100% accuracy and a 57.8 (±23.6) [bits/min] information transfer rate across six participants. This paper demonstrates that the proposed system can provide a reliable communication channel for practical speller applications and may be used to supplement existing systems.</P>
Lee, Min-Ho,Williamson, John,Lee, Young-Eun,Lee, Seong-Whan Lippincott WilliamsWilkins 2018 NEUROREPORT - Vol.29 No.15
<P>The steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) is a natural response of the brain to visual stimulation at specific frequencies and is used widely for electroencephalography-based brain–computer interface (BCI) systems. Although the SSVEP is useful for its high level of decoding accuracy, visual fatigue from the repetitive visual flickering is an unavoidable problem. In addition, hybrid BCI systems that combine the SSVEP with the event-related potential (ERP) have been proposed recently. These hybrid BCI systems would improve the decoding accuracy; however, the competing effect by simultaneous presentation of the visual stimulus could possibly supervene the signal in the hybrid system. Nevertheless, previous studies have not sufficiently reported these problems of visual fatigue with SSVEP stimuli or the competing effect in the SSVEP+ERP system. In this study, two different experiments were designed to explore our claims. The first experiment evaluated the visual fatigue level and decoding accuracy for the different types of SSVEP stimuli, which were the peripheral-field SSVEP (pSSVEP) and the central-field SSVEP (cSSVEP). We report that the pSSVEP could reduce the visual fatigue level by avoiding direct exposure of the eye-retina to the flickering visual stimulus, while also delivering a decoding accuracy comparable to that of cSSVEP. The second experiment was designed to examine the competing effect of the SSVEP stimuli on ERP performance and vice versa. To do this, the visual stimuli of ERP and SSVEP were presented simultaneously as part of the BCI speller layout. We found a clear competing effect wherein the evoked brain potentials were influenced by the SSVEP stimulus and the band power at the target frequencies was also decreased significantly by the ERP stimuli. Nevertheless, these competing effects did not lead to a significant loss in decoding accuracy; their features preserved sufficient information for discriminating a target class. Our work is the first to evaluate the visual fatigue and competing effect together, which should be considered when designing BCI applications. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the pSSVEP is a viable substitution for the cSSVEP because of its ability to reduce the level of visual fatigue while maintaining a minimal loss of decoding accuracy.</P>