http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
FOXO protects against age‐progressive axonal degeneration
Hwang, Inah,Oh, Hwanhee,Santo, Evan,Kim, Do‐,Yeon,Chen, John W.,Bronson, Roderick T.,Locasale, Jason W.,Na, Yoonmi,Lee, Jaclyn,Reed, Stewart,Toth, Miklos,Yu, Wai H.,Muller, Florian L.,Paik, Jihy John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2018 AGING CELL Vol.17 No.1
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Neurodegeneration resulting in cognitive and motor impairment is an inevitable consequence of aging. Little is known about the genetic regulation of this process despite its overriding importance in normal aging. Here, we identify the Forkhead Box O (FOXO) transcription factor 1, 3, and 4 isoforms as a guardian of neuronal integrity by inhibiting age‐progressive axonal degeneration in mammals. FOXO expression progressively increased in aging human and mouse brains. The nervous system‐specific deletion of <I>Foxo</I> transcription factors in mice accelerates aging‐related axonal tract degeneration, which is followed by motor dysfunction. This accelerated neurodegeneration is accompanied by levels of white matter astrogliosis and microgliosis in middle‐aged <I>Foxo</I> knockout mice that are typically only observed in very old wild‐type mice and other aged mammals, including humans. Mechanistically, axonal degeneration in nerve‐specific <I>Foxo</I> knockout mice is associated with elevated mTORC1 activity and accompanying proteotoxic stress due to decreased Sestrin3 expression. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin treatment mimics FOXO action and prevented axonal degeneration in <I>Foxo</I> knockout mice with accelerated nervous system aging. Defining this central role for FOXO in neuroprotection during mammalian aging offers an invaluable window into the aging process itself.</P>
Ellis, John,Evans, Jason L.,Nagata, Natsumi,Nanopoulos, Dimitri V.,Olive, Keith A. Springer-Verlag 2017 European Physical Journal C Vol.77 No.4
<P>We reconsider the minimal SU(5) grand unified theory (GUT) in the context of no-scale supergravity inspired by string compactification scenarios, assuming that the soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters satisfy universality conditions at some input scale Min above the GUT scale MGUT. When setting up such a no-scale super-GUT model, special attention must be paid to avoiding the Scylla of rapid proton decay and the Charybdis of an excessive density of cold dark matter, while also having an acceptable mass for the Higgs boson. We do not find consistent solutions if none of the matter and Higgs fields are assigned to twisted chiral superm.ultiplets, even in the presence of Giudice Masiero terms. However, consistent solutions may be found if at least one fiveplet of GUT Higgs fields is assigned to a twisted chiral superm.ultiplet, with a suitable choice of modular weights. Spin-independent dark matter scattering may be detectable in some of these consistent solutions.</P>
Stop coannihilation in the CMSSM and SubGUT models
Ellis, John,Evans, Jason L.,Luo, Feng,Olive, Keith A.,Zheng, Jiaming Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018 European Physical Journal C Vol.78 No.5
<P>Stop coannihilation may bring the relic density of heavy supersymmetric dark matter particles into the range allowed by cosmology. The efficiency of this process is enhanced by stop-antistop annihilations into the longitudinal (Goldstone) modes of the <I>W</I> and <I>Z</I> bosons, as well as by Sommerfeld enhancement of stop annihilations and the effects of bound states. Since the couplings of the stops to the Goldstone modes are proportional to the trilinear soft supersymmetry-breaking <I>A</I>-terms, these annihilations are enhanced when the <I>A</I>-terms are large. However, the Higgs mass may be reduced below the measured value if the <I>A</I>-terms are too large. Unfortunately, the interpretation of this constraint on the stop coannihilation strip is clouded by differences between the available Higgs mass calculators. For our study, we use as our default calculator FeynHiggs 2.13.0, the most recent publicly available version of this code. Exploring the CMSSM parameter space, we find that along the stop coannihilation strip the masses of the stops are severely split by the large <I>A</I>-terms. This suppresses the Higgs mass drastically for [FORMULA OMISSION] and [FORMULA OMISSION], whilst the extent of the stop coannihilation strip is limited for [FORMULA OMISSION] and either sign of [FORMULA OMISSION]. However, in sub-GUT models, reduced renormalization-group running mitigates the effect of the large <I>A</I>-terms, allowing larger LSP masses to be consistent with the Higgs mass calculation. We give examples where the dark matter particle mass may reach [FORMULA OMISSION] TeV.</P>
Ellis, John,Evans, Jason L.,Mustafayev, Azar,Nagata, Natsumi,Olive, Keith A. Springer-Verlag 2016 European Physical Journal C Vol.76 No.11
<P>We revisit minimal supersymmetric SU(5) grand unification (GUT) models in which the soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters of the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) are universal at some input scale, M-in, above the supersymmetric gauge-coupling unification scale, M-GUT. As in the constrained MSSM (CMSSM), we assume that the scalar masses and gaugino masses have common values, m(0) and m(1/2), respectively, at Min, as do the tri-linear soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters A(0). Going beyond previous studies of such a super-GUT CMSSM scenario, we explore the constraints imposed by the lower limit on the proton lifetime and the LHC measurement of the Higgs mass, m(h). We find regions of m(0), m(1/2), A(0) and the parameters of the SU(5) superpotential that are compatible with these and other phenomenological constraints such as the density of cold dark matter, which we assume to be provided by the lightest neutralino. Typically, these allowed regions appear for m(0) and m(1/2) in the multi-TeV region, for suitable values of the unknown SU(5) GUT-scale phases and superpotential couplings, and with the ratio of supersymmetric Higgs vacuum expectation values tan beta less than or similar to 6.</P>
Does Aid Effectiveness Differ per Political Ideologies?
Vincent Konadu Tawiah,Evans John Barnes,Abdulrasheed Zakari 한국국제경제학회 2019 International Economic Journal Vol.33 No.2
Despite the extensive empirical literature on aid effectiveness, existing studies have not addressed directly how political ideology affects the use of foreign aid in the recipient country. This study, therefore, uses a unique dataset of 12 democratic countries in Africa to investigate the impact of political ideologies on aid effectiveness. Our results indicate that each political party uses aid differently in peruse of their political, ideological orientation. Further analyses suggest that rightist capitalist parties are likely to use aid to improve the private sector environment. Leftist socialist on the other hand, use aid effectively on pro-poor projects such as short-term poverty reduction, mass education and health services. Our additional analysis on the lines of colonialisation shows that the difference in the use of aid by political parties is much stronger in French colonies than Britain colonies. The study provides insight on how the recipient government are likely to use foreign aid.