RF plasma functionalized carbon surfaces for supporting sensor architectures

J.S. Quinton,A. Deslandes,A. Barlow,J.G. Shapter,C. Fairman,J.J. Gooding,D.B. Hibbert 한국물리학회 2008 Current Applied Physics Vol.8 No.3,4

Carbon has a number of properties that make it ideal for use in sensor and electrical applications. Using radio frequency plasma with different precursor gases and operating plasma conditions, it is possible to pre-treat a variety of carbon surfaces in preparation for further molecular attachment, or surface functionalization. Research in our laboratory involves studies on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as a model carbon substrate and pyrolysed photoresist films (PPF). Plasma treated surfaces have been characterised using a variety of surface sensitive techniques. We will report on results obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the chemical nature of the treated surfaces, and hence the extent of treatment. Time of flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToFSIMS) has been utilised to determine the extent of hydrogenation after plasma treatment. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements provide morphological information about the treated surfaces, in particular damage and a severe change in surface structures that may be caused by various plasma treatments. Etching and/or nucleation and growth features are also observed and will be discussed, with the types of features and their distribution strongly dependent on the precursor gas that is used to support the plasma. Carbon has a number of properties that make it ideal for use in sensor and electrical applications. Using radio frequency plasma with different precursor gases and operating plasma conditions, it is possible to pre-treat a variety of carbon surfaces in preparation for further molecular attachment, or surface functionalization. Research in our laboratory involves studies on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as a model carbon substrate and pyrolysed photoresist films (PPF). Plasma treated surfaces have been characterised using a variety of surface sensitive techniques. We will report on results obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the chemical nature of the treated surfaces, and hence the extent of treatment. Time of flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToFSIMS) has been utilised to determine the extent of hydrogenation after plasma treatment. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements provide morphological information about the treated surfaces, in particular damage and a severe change in surface structures that may be caused by various plasma treatments. Etching and/or nucleation and growth features are also observed and will be discussed, with the types of features and their distribution strongly dependent on the precursor gas that is used to support the plasma.

SUNSHINE, EARTHSHINE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: II. SOLAR ORIGINS OF VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH'S ALBEDO

GOODE P. R.,PALLE E.,YURCHYSHYN V.,QIU J.,HICKEY J.,RODRIGUEZ P. MONTANES,CHU M.-C.,KOLBE E.,BROWN C.T.,KOONIN S.E. The Korean Astronomical Society 2003 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.36 No.suppl1

There are terrestrial signatures of the solar activity cycle in ice core data (Ram & Stoltz 1999), but the variations in the sun's irradiance over the cycle seem too small to account for the signature (Lean 1997; Goode & Dziembowski 2003). Thus, one would expect that the signature must arise from an indirect effect(s) of solar activity. Such an indirect effect would be expected to manifest itself in the earth's reflectance. Further, the earth's climate depends directly on the albedo. Continuous observations of the earthshine have been carried out from Big Bear Solar Observatory since December 1998, with some more sporadic measurements made during the years 1994 and 1995. We have determined the annual albedos both from our observations and from simulations utilizing the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) scene model and various datasets for the cloud cover, as well as snow and ice cover. With these, we look for inter-annual and longer-term changes in the earth's total reflectance, or Bond albedo. We find that both our observations and simulations indicate that the albedo was significantly higher during 1994-1995 (activity minimum) than for the more recent period covering 1999-2001 (activity maximum). However, the sizes of the changes seem somewhat discrepant. Possible indirect solar influences on the earth's Bond albedo are discussed to emphasize that our earthshine data are already sufficiently precise to detect, if they occur, any meaningful changes in the earth's reflectance. Still greater precision will occur as we expand our single site observations to a global network.

1.6 M SOLAR TELESCOPE IN BIG BEAR - THE NST

GOODE PHILIP R.,DENKER CARSTEN.J.,DIDKOVSKY LEONID I.,KUHN J. R.,WANG HAIMIN The Korean Astronomical Society 2003 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.36 No.suppl1

New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), in collaboration with the University of Hawaii (UH), is upgrading Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) by replacing its principal, 65 cm aperture telescope with a modern, off-axis 1.6 m clear aperture instrument from a 1.7 m blank. The new telescope offers a significant incremental improvement in ground-based infrared and high angular resolution capabilities, and enhances our continuing program to understand photospheric magneto-convection and chromospheric dynamics. These are the drivers for what is broadly called space weather - an important problem, which impacts human technologies and life on earth. This New Solar Telescope (NST) will use the existing BBSO pedestal, pier and observatory building, which will be modified to accept the larger open telescope structure. It will be operated together with our 10 inch (for larger field-of-view vector magnetograms, Ca II K and Ha observations) and Singer-Link (full disk H$\alpha$, Ca II K and white light) synoptic telescopes. The NST optical and software control design will be similar to the existing SOLARC (UH) and the planned Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) facility led by the National Solar Observatory (NSO) - all three are off-axis designs. The NST will be available to guest observers and will continue BBSO's open data policy. The polishing of the primary will be done in partnership with the University of Arizona Mirror Lab, where their proof-of-concept for figuring 8 m pieces of 20 m nighttime telescopes will be the NST's primary mirror. We plan for the NST's first light in late 2005. This new telescope will be the largest aperture solar telescope, and the largest aperture off-axis telescope, located in one of the best observing sites. It will enable new, cutting edge science. The scientific results will be extremely important to space weather and global climate change research.

1.6 M SOLAR TELESCOPE IN BIG BEAR ? THE NST

PhilipR.Goode,CarstenJ.Denker,LeonidI.Didkovsky,J.R.Kuhn,HaiminWang 한국천문학회 2003 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.36 No.2

SUNSHINE, EARTHSHINE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: II. SOLAR ORIGINS OF VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH’S ALBEDO

P.R.Goode,E.Pall,V.Yurchyshyn,J.Qiu,J.Hickey,P.Monta?esRodriguez,M.-C.Chu,E.Kolbe,C.T.Brown,S.E.Koonin 한국천문학회 2003 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.36 No.2

MAGNETIC HELICITY PUMPING BY TWISTED FLUX TUBE EXPANSION

CHAE JONGCHUL,MOON Y.-J.,RUST D. M.,WANG HAIMIN,GOODE PHILIP R. The Korean Astronomical Society 2003 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.36 No.1

Recent observations have shown that coronal magnetic fields in the northern (southern) hemisphere tend to have negative (positive) magnetic helicity. There has been controversy as to whether this hemispheric pattern is of surface or sub-surface origin. A number of studies have focused on clarifying the effect of the surface differential rotation on the change of magnetic helicity in the corona. Meanwhile, recent observational studies reported the existence of transient shear flows in active regions that can feed magnetic helicity to the corona at a much higher rate than the differential rotation does. Here we propose that such transient shear flows may be driven by the torque produced by either the axial or radial expansion of the coronal segment of a twisted flux tube that is rooted deeply below the surface. We have derived a simple relation between the coronal expansion parameter and the amount of helicity transferred via shear flows. To demonstrate our proposition, we have inspected Yohkoh soft X-ray images of NOAA 8668 in which strong shear flows were observed. As a result, we found that the expansion of magnetic fields really took place in the corona while transient shear flows were observed in the photosphere, and the amount of magnetic helicity change due to the transient shear flows is quantitatively consistent with the observed expansion of coronal magnetic fields. The transient shear flows hence may be understood as an observable manifestation of the pumping of magnetic helicity out of the interior portions of the field lines driven by the expansion of coronal parts as was originally proposed by Parker (1974).

Population Genetics and Disease Ecology of Mosquito Species in Galapagos

Bataille Arnaud,Andrew A. Cunningham,Simon J. Goodman 한국응용곤충학회 2012 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.05

The introduction of new pathogens and disease vectors has been recognized as a major threat to Galapagos Island biodiversity. Here I focus on mosquito species of the Galapagos archipelago, using population genetic and phylogenetic data to understand their historical and current population dynamics. I show that two mosquito species found in the archipelago have very different historical and contemporary evolutionary histories: one species, Aedes taeniorhynchus, naturally colonized the archipelago 200,000yrs ago and is now found widely in the islands, having adapted and spread to a range of different habitats. It has also changed its feeding-behaviour and now frequently feeds on reptiles in addition to mammals, unlike the continental progenitor populat ions. These properties potentially make Aedes taeniorhynchus a key bridge-vector in the archipelago for any new invading mosquito borne diseases. In contrast, I show that Culex quinquefasciatus, a major vector of diseases such as West Nile virus and avian malaria, has been introduced on multiple occasions since 1985 via human transportation networks and that its distribution and movement in the archipelago depend greatly on human activities. These two species might play an important role in the introduction and spread of new diseases in the Galapagos archipelago.

Observational Evidence for Magnetic Dips in Solar Prominences

S. W. Lee,H. S. Yun,J. Chae,G. S. Choe,J. H. Kim,P. R. Goode 한국천문학회 2000 天文學會報 Vol.25 No.1

Five polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: results from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.

Gaudet, Mia M,Milne, Roger L,Cox, Angela,Camp, Nicola J,Goode, Ellen L,Humphreys, Manjeet K,Dunning, Alison M,Morrison, Jonathan,Giles, Graham G,Severi, Gianluca,Baglietto, Laura,English, Dallas R,Cou American Association for Cancer Research 2009 Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention Vol.18 No.5

<P>Previous studies have suggested that minor alleles for ERCC4 rs744154, TNF rs361525, CASP10 rs13010627, PGR rs1042838, and BID rs8190315 may influence breast cancer risk, but the evidence is inconclusive due to their small sample size. These polymorphisms were genotyped in more than 30,000 breast cancer cases and 30,000 controls, primarily of European descent, from 30 studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as a measure of association. We found that the minor alleles for these polymorphisms were not related to invasive breast cancer risk overall in women of European descent: ECCR4 per-allele OR (95% CI) = 0.99 (0.97-1.02), minor allele frequency = 27.5%; TNF 1.00 (0.95-1.06), 5.0%; CASP10 1.02 (0.98-1.07), 6.5%; PGR 1.02 (0.99-1.06), 15.3%; and BID 0.98 (0.86-1.12), 1.7%. However, we observed significant between-study heterogeneity for associations with risk for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CASP10, PGR, and BID. Estimates were imprecise for women of Asian and African descent due to small numbers and lower minor allele frequencies (with the exception of BID SNP). The ORs for each copy of the minor allele were not significantly different by estrogen or progesterone receptor status, nor were any significant interactions found between the polymorphisms and age or family history of breast cancer. In conclusion, our data provide persuasive evidence against an overall association between invasive breast cancer risk and ERCC4 rs744154, TNF rs361525, CASP10 rs13010627, PGR rs1042838, and BID rs8190315 genotypes among women of European descent.</P>

Effects of trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Body Composition in Genetically Obese Mice

Hur, Sun-Jin,Whitcomb, Faith,Rhee, Si-Yeon,Park, Yoo-Heon,Good, Deborah J.,Park, Yeon-Hwa The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.1

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown a number of biologically beneficial effects, including prevention of obesity. The purpose of this study was to test effects of dietary supplementation of 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA in a high fat diet in neuronal basic helix-loop-helix 2 knock-out animals (N2KO), which is a unique animal model representing adult-on-set inactivity-related obesity. Eight wild-type (WT) and eight N2KO female mice were fed either 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA-containing diet or control diet (with 20% soybean oil diet) for 12 weeks. Body weights, food intake, adipose tissue weights, body compositions, and blood parameters were analyzed. Overall, N2KO animals had greater body weights, food intake, adipose tissue weights, and body fat compared to WT animals. CLA supplementation decreased overall body weights and total fat, and the effect of dietary CLA on adipose tissue reduction was greater in N2KO than in WT mice. Serum leptin and triglyceride levels were reduced by CLA in both N2KO and WT animals compared to control animals, while there was no effect by CLA on serum cholesterol. The effect of CLA to lower fat mass, increase lean body mass, and lower serum leptin and triglycerides in sedentary mice supports the possibility of using CLA to prevent or alleviate ailments associated with obesity.