Odorous VOC emission following land application of swine manure slurry

Parker, D.B.,Gilley, J.,Woodbury, B.,Kim, K.H.,Galvin, G.,Bartelt-Hunt, S.L.,Li, X.,Snow, D.D. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2013 Atmospheric environment Vol.66 No.-

Swine manure is often applied to crop land as a fertilizer source. Odor emissions from land-applied swine manure may pose a nuisance to downwind populations if manure is not applied with sufficient forethought. A research project was conducted to assess the time decay of odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions following land application of swine manure. Three land application methods were compared: surface application, incorporation 24 h after surface application, and injection. Emission rates were measured in field plots using a small wind tunnel and sorbent tubes. VOCs including eight volatile fatty acids, five aromatics, and two sulfur-containing compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In most cases, a first order exponential decay model adequately described the flux versus time relationship for the 24 h period following land application, but the model sometimes overestimated flux in the 6-24 h range. The same model but with the time term squared adequately predicted flux over the entire 24 h period. Three compounds (4-methylphenol, skatole, and 4-ethylphenol) accounted for 93 percent of the summed odor activity value. First order decay constants (k) for these three compounds ranged from 0.157 to 0.996 h<SUP>-1</SUP>. When compared to surface application, injection of swine manure resulted in 80-95 percent lower flux for the most odorous aromatic compounds. These results show that VOC flux decreases rapidly following land application of swine manure, declining below levels of detection and near background levels after 4 to 8 h.

Interplay of ballistic and chemical effects in the formation of structural defects for Sn and Pb implanted silica

Green, R.J.,Hunt, A.,Zatsepin, D.A.,Boukhvalov, D.W.,McLeod, J.A.,Kurmaev, E.Z.,Skorikov, N.A.,Gavrilov, N.V.,Moewes, A. North-Holland 2012 Journal of non-crystalline solids Vol.358 No.23

The electronic structures of Sn and Pb implanted SiO<SUB>2</SUB> are studied using soft X-ray absorption (XAS) and emission (XES) spectroscopy. We show, using reference compounds and ab initio calculations, that the presence of Pb?O and Sn?O interactions can be detected in the pre-edge region of the oxygen K-edge XAS. Via analysis of this interaction-sensitive pre-edge region, we find that Pb implantation results primarily in the clustering of Pb atoms. Conversely, with Sn implantation using identical conditions, strong Sn?O interactions are present, showing that Sn is coordinated with oxygen. The varying results between the two ion types are explained using both ballistic considerations and density functional theory calculations. We find that the substitution of Pb into Si sites in SiO<SUB>2</SUB> requires much more energy than substituting Sn in these same sites, primarily due to the larger size of the Pb ions. From these calculated formation energies it is evident that Pb requires far higher temperatures than Sn to be soluble in SiO<SUB>2</SUB>. These results help explain the complex processes which take place upon implantation and determine the final products.

STUDIES ON NATIVE AND IMPROVED NATIVE PASTURES IN SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA-EFFECTS OF SULFUR FERTILIZER AND STOCKING RATE ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Hunt, M.,Till, A.R.,Blair, G.J.,Bulo, D.,Orchard, P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.3

The effects of S fertilization and stocking rate on cattle production from native and sown pastures were studied in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. On the native pasture there was no effect of S application over the three years of the experiment. The per head production was lower at the higher stocking rate (1.0 hd/ha), but the overall production increased by an average of 49%. There was no response to S applied to the clean seedbed pastures in the first year, but significant responses developed in the second and third years. There was an overall higher production from the higher stocked pastures (3.0 hd/ha), but the per head production was lower. There was a mean of about a two-fold increase in animal production from the highest native to the lowest improved pasture and a 3.4 times increase from the low stocking rate native to the high stocking rate sown pasture.

Cardiac Complications Following Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose : Issues for Monitoring Policy

Goldberg, Richard J.,Capone, Robert J.,Hunt, James D. MediMedia Korea 1986 JAMA-Korea Vol.1 No.3

Controlling a lamprey-based robot with an electronic nervous system

A Westphal,J Ayers,N.F. Rulkov,D Brady,M Hunt 국제구조공학회 2011 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.8 No.1

We are developing a biomimetic robot based on the Sea Lamprey. The robot consists of a cylindrical electronics bay propelled by an undulatory body axis. Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators generate propagating flexion waves in five undulatory segments of a polyurethane strip. The behavior of the robot is controlled by an electronic nervous system (ENS) composed of networks of discrete-time map-based neurons and synapses that execute on a digital signal processing chip. Motor neuron action potentials gate power transistors that apply current to the SMA actuators. The ENS consists of a set of segmental central pattern generators (CPGs), modulated by layered command and coordinating neuron networks, that integrate input from exteroceptive sensors including a compass, accelerometers, inclinometers and a short baseline sonar array (SBA). The CPGs instantiate the 3-element hemi-segmental network model established from physiological studies. Anterior and posterior propagating pathways between CPGs mediate intersegmental coordination to generate flexion waves for forward and backward swimming. The command network mediates layered exteroceptive reflexes for homing, primary orientation, and impediment compensation. The SBA allows homing on a sonar beacon by indicating deviations in azimuth and inclination. Inclinometers actuate a bending segment between the hull and undulator to allow climb and dive. Accelerometers can distinguish collisions from impediment to allow compensatory reflexes. Modulatory commands mediate speed control and turning. A SBA communications interface is being developed to allow supervised reactive autonomy.

Metmyoglobin Reduction Through Lactate-NAD-LDH System In Vivo and Vitro

Kim. Yoon-Hwan,Hunt. M.C.,Mancini. R.A.,Kropf. D.H.,Smith. J.S. 한국축산식품학회 2006 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.- No.37

THE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN OF CATTLE AT PASTURE IN SOUTH SULAWESI SUPPLEMENTED WITH LOCALLY AVAILABLE BY-PODUCTS

Till, A.R.,Hunt, M.R.,Panggabean, T.,Bulo, D.,Blair, G.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.1

Weaner heifers were set stocked at 4/ha on a grass-legume pasture in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and either unsupplemented (Control) or for 338 days given daily supplements of one of, rice bran (RB) supplied at 1 kg/animal/d, molasses/urea (MU) or 0.5 RB + 0.5 MU (MURB) the amounts of which were adjusted to give similar energy intakes. There were 20 animals in each treatment. A drought resulted in low pasture availability for about half the supplementation period. The LWG per animal in the MURB treatment was 85 kg above that of the control and this was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than those for MU (62.0 kg) or RB (56.2 kg) although the economics favoured the gains from RB which returned over three times the cost of the supplement. Costs could be reduced by supplementing only at times of maximum undernutrition, but such a strategy is of doubtful value in this situation as there was no compensatory LWG and a similar rate of economic return was maintained throughout the period. The results suggest that additional benefits from the supplementation may be improved reproductive performance and more efficient use of pasture.

Bus headway optimization with consumer surplus as a measure of societal benefit

Jason Hawkins,S. C. Wirasinghe,J. D. Hunt 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2021 도시과학국제저널 Vol.25 No.1

This paper derives the square root bus dispatch optimization developed by Newell from consumer surplus rather than the original cost minimization function. We then extend the model to consider dispatch-variant demand and outline its property relative to the original model by Newell. Demand elasticity is introduced via a multinomial logit mode choice model. Results are tested for City of Edmonton mode choice and ridership. The sensitivity of the function to wait time cost and passenger demand is tested. For the observed passenger demand and value of travel time, our analysis suggests there is a portion of riders who are captive and will suffer increasing wait time costs, but many passengers will make the choice to utilize other modes of travel when faced with increasing bus headways.

Controlling a lamprey-based robot with an electronic nervous system

Westphal, A.,Rulkov, N.F.,Ayers, J.,Brady, D.,Hunt, M. Techno-Press 2011 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.8 No.1

We are developing a biomimetic robot based on the Sea Lamprey. The robot consists of a cylindrical electronics bay propelled by an undulatory body axis. Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators generate propagating flexion waves in five undulatory segments of a polyurethane strip. The behavior of the robot is controlled by an electronic nervous system (ENS) composed of networks of discrete-time map-based neurons and synapses that execute on a digital signal processing chip. Motor neuron action potentials gate power transistors that apply current to the SMA actuators. The ENS consists of a set of segmental central pattern generators (CPGs), modulated by layered command and coordinating neuron networks, that integrate input from exteroceptive sensors including a compass, accelerometers, inclinometers and a short baseline sonar array (SBA). The CPGs instantiate the 3-element hemi-segmental network model established from physiological studies. Anterior and posterior propagating pathways between CPGs mediate intersegmental coordination to generate flexion waves for forward and backward swimming. The command network mediates layered exteroceptive reflexes for homing, primary orientation, and impediment compensation. The SBA allows homing on a sonar beacon by indicating deviations in azimuth and inclination. Inclinometers actuate a bending segment between the hull and undulator to allow climb and dive. Accelerometers can distinguish collisions from impediment to allow compensatory reflexes. Modulatory commands mediate speed control and turning. A SBA communications interface is being developed to allow supervised reactive autonomy.