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Re-examining the Potential for Schema to Aid Students towards Developing EFL Reading Skills
Nairn, Anthony George,Im, Byung-Bin The English Teachers Association in Korea 2010 영어어문교육 Vol.16 No.1
The current study reported on the continuing relevance of the schema theory for reading as it relates to the field of teaching and SLA, whilst highlighting the inherent limitations affecting individual learners. A relevant study was conducted for this article focusing on the extent to which university teacher trainees of English Education are exposed to second language readings with an adherence towards utilizing prior knowledge and drawing upon schemata to support their comprehension. Results from quantitative and qualitative data measured and collected from two groups of university students respectively, indicated certain advantages to this strategy use in respect of increased understanding, familiarity, and comfort level in SL reading. However, those same results identified existing limitations associated with cultural bias, stereotyping and a tendency to focus on wrong information when activating said schemata. As such, the purpose of this study is to promote awareness of the schema theory as an effective strategy option whilst reinforcing a need to pay heed to the concerns associated with strict reliance upon such theory to aid reading skills. Further discussion of these issues and pedagogical implications has been provided along with both suggested considerations regarding teaching for EFL teachers and evaluators.
Anthony G. Nairn,임병빈(Byung Bin Im) 한국영어어문교육학회 2016 영어어문교육 Vol.22 No.4
This paper discusses the application of an eight week strategies-based instruction (SBI) training program conducted in middle school English classes in Korea. The program focused on specific instruction in reading strategies: Identifying key words, topics, and main ideas; previewing and making predictions; and understanding logical organization. This paper examined the impact of strategy use by the participants to improve EFL reading comprehension. Findings revealed that the participants possessed a general understanding of EFL strategy use, and were able to improve their reading skills. However, overall practice of strategy use was limited due to the lack of adherence to effective individualized self-study practices and the restricted in-class opportunities to learn and reinforce applicable strategies. In addition, surveys and interviews identified further limitations associated with time restrictions, student workload, and graded requirements for the university entrance exam. These limitations indicated that the application of strategies was less likely to occur in public education and more acceptable in commercial non-graded academic institutes and private settings. Thus, EFL teachers should promote an awareness of SBI as an effective option while reinforcing the requirements essential to aid reading comprehension.
( R. Cornford Nairns ),( G. Daggard ),( T. Mukkur ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.6
We describe the construction and immunobiological properties of a novel whooping cough vaccine candidate, in which the aroQ gene, encoding 3-dehydroquinase, was deleted by insertional inactivation using the kanamycin resistance gene cassette and allelic exchange using a Bordetella suicide vector. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant required supplementation of media to grow but failed to grow on an unsupplemented medium. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant was undetectable in the trachea and lungs of mice at days 6 and 12 post-infection, respectively. Antigen-specific antibody isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a, were produced, and cell-mediated immunity [CMI], using interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma as indirect indicators, was induced in mice vaccinated with the aroQ B. pertussis vaccine candidate, which were substantially enhanced upon second exposure to virulent B. pertussis. Interleukin- 12 was also produced in the aroQ B. pertussis-vaccinated mice. On the other hand, neither IgG2a nor CMI-indicator cytokines were produced in DTaP-vaccinated mice, although the CMI-indicator cytokines became detectable post-challenge with virulent B. pertussis. Intranasal immunization with one dose of the aroQ B. pertussis mutant protected vaccinated mice against an intranasal challenge infection, with no pathogen being detected in the lungs of immunized mice by day 7 post-challenge. B. pertussis aroQ thus constitutes a safe, non-reverting, metabolite-deficient vaccine candidate that induces both humoral and cellmediated immune responses with potential for use as a single-dose vaccine in adolescents and adults, in the first instance, with a view to disrupting the transmission cycle of whooping cough to infants and the community.
임병빈,Anthony Nairn 한국현대영어영문학회 2009 현대영어영문학 Vol.53 No.2
This study relates to the field of teaching and second language acquisition (hereinafter SLA) with respect to University teacher training for university students of English Education at a tertiary level. As such, the purpose of this study is to establish a number of recommendations (6 in total) of key areas deemed by the authors as necessary to improve the effectiveness of a university teacher training course, and expand upon them in detail. This article focuses upon recommendations towards the development of effective teacher training in relation to the following: (1) intensive instruction in modern methodology, (2) the need for Orientation training in SLA, ESP and target culture, and (3) teacher awareness of their attitudes. Additional concepts include (4) the need for technology training, (5) building trust between the supervisor and trainee teachers, and (6) further related ongoing education for teacher-trainers emphasized during in-service training to assist such prospective teachers in developing their model classes and professional development whilst also the promotion of lifelong education for teachers in general. Such recommendations have been expanded upon in detail throughout this article and based on supported research conducted in respect of a number of teacher education studies.