연산자 조작 공격과 피연산자 조작 공격에 대한 기존 CRT-RSA Scheme의 안전성 분석

허순행(Soonhaeng Hur),이형섭(Hyungsub Lee),이현승(Hyunseung Rhee),최동현(Donghyun Choi),원동호(Dongho Won),김승주(Seungjoo Kim) 한국정보보호학회 2009 정보보호학회논문지 Vol.19 No.6

CRT-RSA의 사용이 대중화됨에 따라, CRT-RSA에 대한 보안 또한 중요 이슈가 되었다. 1996년, Bellcore 연구원들에 의해 CRT-RSA가 오류 주입 공격에 취약하다고 밝혀진 이래로, 많은 대응책들이 제안되었다. 첫 번째 대응책은 1999년 Shamir에 의해 제안되었으며, Shamir의 대응책은 오류 검사 기법에 기반을 두고 있다. Shamir의 대응책이 소개된 이후, 오류 검사 기법을 사용하는 많은 대응책들이 제안되었다. 그러나 Shamir의 대응책은 2001년 Joey 등에 의하여 피연산자 조작 공격에 취약함이 밝혀졌으며, 오류 검사 기법 또한 2003년 Yen 등에 의하여 연산자 조작 공격에 취약하다고 알려졌다. 이에 Yen 등은 오류 검사 기법을 사용하지 않고 오류 확산 기법을 사용하여 새로운 대응책을 제안하였으나, Yen 등이 제안한 대응책 또한 2007년에 Yen과 Kim에 의하여 안전하지 않음이 밝혀졌다. 최근에는 Kim 등이 Yen 등의 대응책을 보완한 새로운 대응책을 제안하였으며, Ha 등 또한 오류 확산 기법을 사용한 대응책을 제안하였다. 그러나 Kim 등과 Ha 등이 제안한 대응책들을 포함한 기존 대응책들은 연산자 조작 공격에 대해서는 안전성이 증명되지 않았기 때문에 본 논문에서는 피연산자 조작 공격은 물론, 연산자 조작 공격도 고려하여 지금까지 제안된 대응책들의 안전성을 분석할 것이다. As the use of RSA based on chinese remainder theorem(CRT-RSA) is being generalized, the security of CRT-RSA has been important. Since Bellcore researchers introduced the fault attacks on CRT-RSA, various countermeasures have been proposed. In 1999, Shamir firstly proposed a countermeasure using checking procedure. After Shamir's countermeasure was introduced, various countermeasures based on checking procedure have been proposed. However, Shamir's countermeasure was known to be vulnerable to the modified operand attack by Joey et al. in 2001, and the checking procedure was known to be vulnerable to the modified opcode attack by Yen et al. in 2003. Yen et al. proposed a new countermeasure without checking procedure, but their countermeasure was known to be also vulnerable to the modified operand attack by Yen and Kim in 2007. In this paper, we point out that pre, but countermeasures were vulnerable to the modified operand attack or the modified opcode attack.

New Iron-Based Mixed-Polyanion Cathodes for Lithium and Sodium Rechargeable Batteries: Combined First Principles Calculations and Experimental Study

Kim, Hyungsub,Park, Inchul,Seo, Dong-Hwa,Lee, Seongsu,Kim, Sung-Wook,Kwon, Woo Jun,Park, Young-Uk,Kim, Chul Sung,Jeon, Seokwoo,Kang, Kisuk American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.25

<P>New iron-based mixed-polyanion compounds Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Na<SUB>4–<I>x</I></SUB>Fe<SUB>3</SUB>(PO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>(P<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>) (<I>x</I> = 0–3) were synthesized, and their crystal structures were determined. The new compounds contained three-dimensional (3D)sodium/lithium paths supported by P<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> pillars in the crystal. First principles calculations identified the complex 3D paths with their activation barriers and revealed them as fast ionic conductors. The reversible electrode operation was found in both Li and Na cells with capacities of one-electron reaction per Fe atom, 140 and 129 mAh g<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively. The redox potential of each phase was ∼3.4 V (vs Li) for the Li-ion cell and ∼3.2 V (vs Na) for the Na-ion cell. The properties of high power, small volume change, and high thermal stability were also recognized, presenting this new compound as a potential competitor to other iron-based electrodes such as Li<SUB>2</SUB>FeP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>, Li<SUB>2</SUB>FePO<SUB>4</SUB>F, and LiFePO<SUB>4</SUB>.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-25/ja3038646/production/images/medium/ja-2012-038646_0004.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja3038646'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Spontaneous hybrids of graphene and carbon nanotube arrays at the liquid-gas interface for Li-ion battery anodes

Kim, Hyeri,Kim, Jongsoon,Jeong, Hee-Sung,Kim, Hyungsub,Lee, Hoyeon,Ha, Jae-Min,Choi, Sung-Min,Kim, Tae-Ho,Nah, Yoon-Chae,Shin, Tae Joo,Bang, Joona,Satija, Sushil K.,Koo, Jaseung The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Chemical communications Vol.54 No.41

<P>We demonstrate that hybrid structures of graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are precisely controlled at the liquid-gas interface. The functionalized SWNT Langmuir monolayers anchor single-layer graphene nanosheets (GNSs) suspended in water <I>via</I> Coulomb interaction at the interface. This GNS/SWNT hybrid multilayer electrode can be a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries, offering high specific capacity, outstanding power capability, and excellent cyclability.</P>

Neutron and X-ray Diffraction Study of Pyrophosphate-Based Li_2–<i>x</i>MP₂O₇ (M = Fe, Co) for Lithium Rechargeable Battery Electrodes

Kim, Hyungsub,Lee, Seongsu,Park, Young-Uk,Kim, Haegyeom,Kim, Jongsoon,Jeon, Seokwoo,Kang, Kisuk American Chemical Society 2011 Chemistry of materials Vol.23 No.17

<P>Structural characterization of Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>MP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> (M = Fe, Co) was carried out using neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses to elucidate structural information and structural changes during an electrochemical reaction. The crystal system and space group were determined to be monoclinic <I>P</I>2<SUB>1</SUB>/<I>c</I> for both materials with <I>a</I> = 11.0192 (4) Å, <I>b</I> = 9.7488 (3) Å, <I>c</I> = 9.8057 (4) Å, and β = 101.569 (3)° for Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>FeP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> and <I>a</I> = 10.9574 (3), <I>b</I> = 9.6921 (3), <I>c</I> = 9.7611 (3), and β = 101.776 (2)° for Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>CoP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>. XRD analysis revealed partial occupancy of iron and cobalt in the structures of Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>FeP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> and Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>CoP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>, respectively. Also, ND identified lithium positions and partial occupancies in five different Li sites of Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>MP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> (M = Fe, Co). Further ex situ XRD showed that the charging/discharging of Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>FeP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> occurred primarily via a two-phase reaction with a slight solid solution behavior. We also demonstrated for the first time that Li<SUB>2–<I>x</I></SUB>CoP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> electrodes are electrochemically active, with a redox potential of ∼5 V (versus Li).</P><P>We report the detailed structural analysis of Li<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>MP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> (M = Fe, Co) by combined neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction analyses. XRD analysis revealed the partial occupancies of iron and cobalt in Li<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>MP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>, and ND identified lithium positions and partial occupancies of four different Li sites in the complex crystal structure of Li<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>MP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>. Atomic sites and occupancies were determined by simultaneous Rietveld refinement against XRD and ND patterns, and ex situ XRD analysis revealed that charging/discharging of Li<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>FeP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> occurs primarily via a two-phase reaction. Also, the Li<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>CoP<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> electrode is electrochemically active with a redox potential of ∼4.9 V and a high capacity.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2011/cmatex.2011.23.issue-17/cm201305z/production/images/medium/cm-2011-01305z_0003.gif'></P>

Nano-graphite platelet loaded with LiFePO₄ nanoparticles used as the cathode in a high performance Li-ion battery

Kim, Haegyeom,Kim, Hyungsub,Kim, Sung-Wook,Park, Kyu-Young,Kim, Jinsoo,Jeon, Seokwoo,Kang, Kisuk Elsevier 2012 Carbon Vol.50 No.5

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>LiFePO<SUB>4</SUB> nanoparticles were grown on nano-graphite platelet (NGP) using a simple chemical route. The material was used as the cathode in Li-ion rechargeable batteries and exhibited excellent cyclability and rate capability because of the easy electron transport in it. The electrochemical stability of the electrode was improved by the two-dimensional conductive network of the NGP. The resulting electrodes delivered a specific capacity of about 150mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> at a current rate of 135mAg<SUP>−1</SUP> (∼0.8C) after 100 cycles with no capacity fade. At elevated current rates, the electrodes exhibited capacities of more than 100mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> at a current density of 2000mAg<SUP>−1</SUP> (∼12C) without further incorporation of conductivity agents or coatings.</P>

Effect of particle size and amorphous phase on the electrochromic properties of kinetically deposited WO₃ films

Kim, Hyungsub,Choi, Dahyun,Kim, Kwangmin,Chu, Wonshik,Chun, Doo-Man,Lee, Caroline Sunyong Elsevier 2018 Solar energy materials and solar cells Vol.177 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The electrochromic (EC) performance of a WO<SUB>3</SUB> film fabricated using a kinetic spray technique (nanoparticle deposition system, NPDS) was examined as a function of the particle size and phase of the WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles. The total transmittance change of the deposited WO<SUB>3</SUB> film containing crystalline nano-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles was 56% at 800nm, which resulted in a large shift in its transmission spectrum after coloring. Moreover, the charge density of the EC film using crystalline nano-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles was 22.06mCcm<SUP>−2</SUP>, which was 2.8 times higher than that of the film composed of crystalline micro-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles (7.97mCcm<SUP>−2</SUP>). Using crystalline nano-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles greatly increased the surface area, increased the number of absorption sites for Li ions inside the film, and thereby improved the charge density and transmittance. The transmittance change of the EC films using dual-phased nano-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles was 64% (at 800nm), which was still higher than that with crystalline nano-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles. The amorphous phase in the dual-phase nano-sized WO<SUB>3</SUB> film provided good diffusion of Li ions; it had a high diffusion coefficient of 1.53 × 10<SUP>−12</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> that derived from its loosely packed atomic structure. The amorphous region in a heterostructured WO<SUB>3</SUB> film was effective for the fast diffusion of Li ions, while the crystalline nano-sized region in such a film provided a large surface area for an increased number of absorption sites for Li ions. This resulted in a dramatic improvement of the EC performance.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Different size and phase of WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles were deposited using kinetic spray technique. </LI> <LI> Varying size and phase of the WO<SUB>3</SUB> particles, change charge density. </LI> <LI> Nano WO<SUB>3</SUB> provided more absorption sites for Li ions, which improved EC performance. </LI> <LI> Amorphous/crystalline heterostructured WO<SUB>3</SUB> resulted in loosely packed atomic structure. </LI> <LI> Amorphous/crystalline heterostructured WO<SUB>3</SUB> showed the best EC performance. </LI> </UL> </P>

Development of R packages: ‘NonCompart’ and ‘ncar’ for noncompartmental analysis (NCA)

Hyungsub Kim,Sungpil Han,조용순,Seok-Kyu Yoon,Kyun-Seop Bae 대한임상약리학회 2018 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.26 No.1

Noncompartmental analysis (NCA) is a primary analytical approach for pharmacokinetic studies,and its parameters act as decision criteria in bioequivalent studies. Currently, NCA is usuallycarried out by commercial softwares such as WinNonlin®. In this article, we introduce our newlydevelopedtwo R packages, NonCompart (NonCompartmental analysis for pharmacokinetic data)and ncar (NonCompartmental Analysis for pharmacokinetic Report), which can perform NCAand produce complete NCA reports in both pdf and rtf formats. These packages are compatiblewith CDISC (Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium) standard as well. We demonstratehow the results of WinNonlin® are reproduced and how NCA reports can be obtained. With these Rpackages, we aimed to help researchers carry out NCA and utilize the output for early stages of drugdevelopment process. These R packages are freely available for download from the CRAN repository.

Cell Death-Associated Ribosomal RNA Cleavage in Postmortem Tissues and Its Forensic Applications

Kim, Ji Yeon,Kim, Yunmi,Cha, Hyo Kyeong,Lim, Hye Young,Kim, Hyungsub,Chung, Sooyoung,Hwang, Juck-Joon,Park, Seong Hwan,Son, Gi Hoon Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2017 Molecules and cells Vol.40 No.6

Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is a key issue in the field of forensic pathology. With the availability of quantitative analysis of RNA levels in postmortem tissues, several studies have assessed the postmortem degradation of constitutively expressed RNA species to estimate PMI. However, conventional RNA quantification as well as biochemical and physiological changes employed thus far have limitations related to standardization or normalization. The present study focuses on an interesting feature of the subdomains of certain RNA species, in which they are site-specifically cleaved during apoptotic cell death. We found that the D8 divergent domain of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bearing cell death-related cleavage sites was rapidly removed during postmortem RNA degradation. In contrast to the fragile domain, the 5' terminal region of 28S rRNA was remarkably stable during the postmortem period. Importantly, the differences in the degradation rates between the two domains in mammalian 28S rRNA were highly proportional to increasing PMI with a significant linear correlation observed in mice as well as human autopsy tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrate that comparison of the degradation rates between domains of a single RNA species provides quantitative information on postmortem degradation states, which can be applied for the estimation of PMI.

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Aliovalent Vanadium-Doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄Cathodes with Excellent Performance at High Temperatures

Kim, Min Chul,Nam, Kyung-Wan,Hu, Enyuan,Yang, Xiao-Qing,Kim, Hyungsub,Kang, Kisuk,Aravindan, Vanchiappan,Kim, Woo-Seong,Lee, Yun-Sung Wiley (John WileySons) 2014 ChemSusChem Vol.7 No.3

Mechanistic ligand-receptor interaction model: operational model of agonism

Hyungsub Kim,Hyeong-Seok Lim 대한임상약리학회 2018 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.26 No.3

This tutorial explains the basic principles of mechanistic ligand-receptor interaction model, whichis an operational model of agonism. A growing number of agonist drugs, especially immune oncologydrugs, is currently being developed. In this tutorial, time-dependent ordinary differentialequation for simple Emax operational model of agonism was derived step by step. The differentialequation could be applied in a pharmacodynamic modeling software, such as NONMEM, for usein non-steady state experiments, in which experimental data are generated while the interaction betweenligand and receptor changes over time. Making the most of the non-steady state experimentaldata would simplify the experimental processes, and furthermore allow us to identify more detailedkinetics of a potential drug. The operational model of agonism could be useful to predict the optimaldose for agonistic drugs from in vitro and in vivo animal pharmacology experiments at the veryearly phase of drug development.