중국의 戶口制度와 지방주의

한홍석 서울대학교 국제지역원 1997 국제지역연구 Vol.6 No.2

중국의 호구제도는 공유자산(公有資産)제도와 함께 중국 사회의 기본 경제구조를 유지하는 두 개의 가장 중요한 사회제도이다. 이 제도는 민주주의 국가에서의 호적 제도와는 본질적으로 달라 중국정부가 국민들의 자유로운 이주( )를 금지하는 제도라고 특징지을수 있다. 중국에서의 호구는 한 사람의 특정 신분과 특정 지역에서 합법적으로 거주할 수 있는 권리를 의미한다. 중국에서 모든 국민들은 명확히 농민과 비농업주민(非農業居民)이 라는 서로 다른 신분을 가진 사회계층으로 분리되고 그들의 후대들도 그러한 신분을 계승하게 된다. 호구에는 동시에 특정적인 대도시, 중소도시 혹은 농촌에 거주하는 권리가 반영되어 있으며 정부의 허가가 없이는 변동할 수 없게 되어 있다. 이러한 호구제도의 존재와 지방 분권화의 개혁으로 인해 중국에서의 국유자산과 집단소유의 자산은 사실상에서 그 자산을 사용하게 되는 지역 주민들의 소유와 마찬가지로 되었으며 자산의 공동 소유권과 거주권이 일체화 경향을 나타내고 있다. 중국에서 지역 주민둘의 이익 대표인 지방정부는 '준(準)국가'라는 타 지역 주민들의 전입(轉入)을 엄격히 제한하는 것을 통해 지역 내 주민들의 이익을 극대화하여 한다. 지방정부가 다른 지역과의 관계에서 국가의 이익보다 지역 주민들의 이익을 우선시하는 정책을 실시할 인센티브를 가지고 있기 때문에 80년대 후반부터 지방주의 경향은 중국 사회의 심각한 문제로 되고 있다. Hukou System with Common Property System is one of the two main systems that suppoet the basic Chinese socio-economic structure. It is fundementally different from the census registration which is usally employed in democratic society to figure out the population. Chinese Hukou is rather a measure that is used by the government in regulating the movement of its residents. Hukou entitles a legal right for the resident to live in a specific region with a given class standing. Every Chinese inherits from his/her parents one of the two residential classes that are either agricultural or non-agricultural. In addition, Hukou specifies the type of the areas that he/she may stay, e.g., such as metropolitan area, medium sized city, and rural area. Without the permit from the government, movements across the area are not allowed. Due to Hukou system and Decentralization from 1980's, the ownership of the wealthe previously owned by the state or community has been trasferred to the residents of the region who actually utilize the wealth. This tends to identify the ownership of the wealth with the residents. Therefore the local provinces become 'pseudo-nations' whose government cares for the benefits of its local residents while controling immigration from outside. Even in relation with other regions, they have strong incentive to put higher priority in policies that suit the needs of local residents rather than on national agenda. Since the second half of 1980's, spread of the regionalism became a serious problem that undermines the unity of China as a whole nation.

중국 가전제품 체인 유통업의 발전과 시장경쟁

한홍석 韓國東北亞經濟學會 2008 동북아경제연구 Vol.20 No.1

In the recent few years private large chain stores of electronic product in China's distribution field rapidly developed, which is mainly why China's private companies came to have absolute superiority. Concerning the reasons, first, they boldly introduced advanced management method, and second, competition among production companies in China's electronic product market was especially tough, and third, due to the systematic character of China, private companies have relatively little obstruction in establishing chain stores all over the administrative area than public businesses, and fourth, private companies are inexpensive in management costs than public ones systematically, and fifth, large chain stores took the role of commercial capital which take the risks in the distribution field. Newly opening private businesses are increasing in number, public companies are rapidly converting into private ones, which will result in China's private enterprises having superiority in more and more fields rapidly.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Targeting the femA Gene for Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical and Food Samples

( Xi Hong Zhao ),( Yan Mei Li ),( Myoung Su Park ),( Jun Wang ),( You Hong Zhang ),( Xiao Wei He ),( Fereidoun ),( Forghani ),( Li Wang ),( Guang Chao Yu ),( Deog Hwan Oh ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.2

In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to rapidly detect Staphylococcus aureus strains was developed and evaluated by extensively applying a large number of S. aureus isolates from clinical and food samples. Six primers were specially designed for recognizing eight distinct sequences on the species-specific femA gene of S. aureus. The detection limits were 100 fg DNA/tube and 104 CFU/ml. The LAMP assay was applied to 432 S. aureus strains isolated from 118 clinical and 314 food samples. Total detection rates for the LAMP and polymerase chain reaction assays were 98.4% (306/311) and 89.4% (278/311), respectively.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae), compared to other Pyraloidea moths

Hong-Fang Ma,Xi-Xi Zheng,Ming-Hui Peng,Hai-Xu Bian,Miao-Miao Chen,Yan-Qun Liu,Xing-Fu Jiang,Li Qin 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.3

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is an important topic for comparative and evolutionary genomics, as well as phylogenetic and population genetics. However, there are limited data regarding the mitochondrial genome available of Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies in Lepidoptera. In this report, we present the complete mitogenome of the meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae), which is a serious economic pest of both crops and weedsworldwide, thereby enhancing the available genomic information for Pyraloidea. This circular genome is 15,218 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 tRNA genes (tRNAs), with a typical gene orientation and order comparable to other sequenced Pyraloidea insects. The genome composition of the major strand exhibits highly AT bias (80.82%), with a slightly positive AT skew indicating the occurrence of more As than Ts. The L. sticticalis mitogenome has a total of 130 bp of intergenic spacer sequences spread over 15 regions, ranging in size from 1 to 48 bp, of which only two are common among the 23 total Pyraloidea moths that have data collected on the mitogenome (one is located between tRNAGln and ND2 with variation change in length and a limited sequence conservation, and the other is located between tRNASer(UCN) and ND1 with a conserved 6 bp motif ‘ATACTA’). The A + Trich region of 331 bp in the genome is comprised of non-repetitive sequences but contains an ATAGN motif followed by a poly-T stretch of 17 bp, a microsatellite-like (TA)11 element preceded by an ATTTA motif, and a poly-A stretch upstream tRNAMet. These conserved structures identified in the A + T-rich region are presented in all of the sequenced Pyraloidea species. We provide a mitogenome-based phylogeny of Pyraloidea species, in which L. sticticalis shares close ancestry to Ostrinia species with substantial evidence. Our phylogenetic analyses strongly divide Crambidae into two sister lineages, one consisting of Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae, while the other contains Crambinae, Acentropinae, Scopariinae, Schoenobiinae and Glaphyriinae. The mitogenome dataset also supports the basal split between Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae.

SysPIMP: the web-based systematical platform for identifying human disease-related mutated sequences from mass spectrometry

Xi, Hong,Park, Jongsun,Ding, Guohui,Lee, Yong-Hwan,Li, Yixue Oxford University Press 2009 Nucleic acids research Vol.37 No.1

<P>Some mutations resulting in protein sequence change might be tightly related to certain human diseases by affecting its roles, such as sickle cell anemia. Until now several databases, such as PMD, OMIM and HGMD, have been developed, providing useful information about human disease-related mutation. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) has been used for characterizing proteins in various conditions; however, there is no system in place for finding disease-related mutated proteins within the MS results. Here, a Systematical Platform for Identifying Mutated Proteins (SysPIMP; http://pimp.starflr.info/) was developed to efficiently identify human disease-related mutated proteins within MS results. SysPIMP comprises of three layers: (i) a standardized data warehouse, (ii) a pipeline layer for maintaining human disease databases and X!Tandem and BLAST and (iii) a web-based interface. From OMIM AV part, PMD and SwissProt databases, 35 497 non-redundant human disease-related mutated sequences were collected with disease information described by OMIM terms. With the interfaces to browse sequences archived in SysPIMP, X!Tandem, an open source database-search engine used to identify proteins within MS data, was integrated into SysPIMP to help support the detection of potential human disease-related mutants in MS results. In addition, together with non-redundant disease-related mutated sequences, original non-mutated sequences are also provided in SysPIMP for comparative research. Based on this system, SysPIMP will be the platform for efficiently and intensively studying human diseases caused by mutation.</P>

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ni-based alloy laser coatings with nanosize CeO₂ addition

Hong Zhang, Shi,Xi Li, Ming,Hong Yoon, Jae,Yul Cho, Tong,Zhu He, Yi,Gyu Lee, Chan Elsevier 2008 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.9 No.3

<P>Micron-size Ni-base alloy (NBA) powders were mixed with both 1.5 wt.% (hereinafter %) micron-size CeO<SUB>2</SUB> (<I>m</I>-CeO<SUB>2</SUB>) and also 1.5% and 3.0% nano-size CeO<SUB>2</SUB> (<I>n</I>- CeO<SUB>2</SUB>) powders. These mixtures were coated on low-carbon steel (Q235) by 2.0 kW CO<SUB>2</SUB> laser cladding. The effects on the microstructures, phases and electrochemical corrosion of the coatings upon the addition of <I>m</I>- and <I>n</I>- CeO<SUB>2</SUB> powders to NBA (<I>m</I>- and <I>n</I>- CeO<SUB>2</SUB> /NBA) have been investigated. The results showed that a smooth coating was prepared under suitable processing parameters (<I>P</I>= 2.0 kW, <I>V</I>= 180 mm min<SUP>- 1</SUP>) by adding 1.5% <I>n</I>- CeO<SUB>2</SUB>. In addition to the primary phases of γ-Ni, Cr<SUB>23</SUB> C<SUB>6</SUB> and Ni<SUB>3</SUB> B in the Ni-base alloy coating, CeNi<SUB>3</SUB> was formed in Ni-base alloy coatings with both <I>n</I>- CeO<SUB>2</SUB> and <I>m</I>-CeO<SUB>2</SUB> particles, and CeNi<SUB>5</SUB> appeared in the coating upon decreasing the size of CeO<SUB>2</SUB> particles. Well-developed dendrites were observed in the Ni-base alloy coating; directional dendrites grew at the interface in the coating upon the addition of <I>m</I>-CeO<SUB>2</SUB>, whereas fine and multioriented dendrites grew upon decreasing the size of CeO<SUB>2</SUB> particles to the nanoscale. Actinomorphic dendrites and compact equiaxed dendrites grew from the interface to near the surface upon increasing the content of <I>n</I>- CeO<SUB>2</SUB> from 1.5 to 3.0%. In strongly acidic HNO<SUB>3</SUB> solution, the severe corrosion of dendrites occurred and there were many corrosion pits in the Ni-base alloy coating; intercrystalline corrosion also has a dominant role upon the addition of <I>m</I>-CeO<SUB>2</SUB>, whereas uniform corrosion occurs in the coating as the size of CeO<SUB>2</SUB> particles is decreased to nanoscale.</P>

Extracellular Vesicles-Encapsulated miR-153-3p Potentiate the Survival and Invasion of Lung Adenocarcinoma

Hongli Cao,Ping Zhang,Hong Yu,Jianing Xi 한국분자세포생물학회 2022 Molecules and cells Vol.45 No.6

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the communication between cells and the tumor micro­environment. However, the effect of tumor-derived EVs on the growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains to be explored. This study aimed to elucidate the role of miR-153-3p-EVs in the invasion and migration capabilities of LUAD cells and explore its mechanism through in vivo and in vitro experiments. We found that miR-153-3p was specifically and highly expressed in LUAD and its secreted EVs. Furthermore, the expression of BANCR was negatively regulated by miR-153-3p and identified as a target gene of miR-153-3p using luciferase reporter assays. Through further investigation, we found that the downregulation of BANCR activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and accelerates the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which ultimately leads to the aggravation of LUAD. The orthotopic xenograft mouse model was established to illustrate the effect of miR-153-3p-EVs on LUAD. Animal studies showed that miR-153-3p-EVs accelerated tumor growth in mice. Besides, we found that miR-153-3p-EVs could damage the respiratory ability of mice and produce a mass of inflammatory cells around the lung tissue of mice. Nevertheless, antagomir-153-3p treatment could inhibit the deterioration of respiratory function and inhibit the growth of lung tumors in mice. In conclusion, our study reveals the potential molecular mechanism of miR-153-3p-EVs in the development of LUAD and provides a potential strategy for the treatment of LUAD.

Review : Advances in Rapid Detection Methods for Foodborne Pathogens

( Xi Hong Zhao ),( Chii Wann Lin ),( Jun Wang ),( Deog Hwan Oh ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2014 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.24 No.3

Food safety is increasingly becoming an important public health issue, as foodborne diseases present a widespread and growing public health problem in both developed and developing countries. The rapid and precise monitoring and detection of foodborne pathogens are some of the most effective ways to control and prevent human foodborne infections. Traditional microbiological detection and identification methods for foodborne pathogens are well known to be time consuming and laborious as they are increasingly being perceived as insufficient to meet the demands of rapid food testing. Recently, various kinds of rapid detection, identification, and monitoring methods have been developed for foodborne pathogens, including nucleic-acid-based methods, immunological methods, and biosensor-based methods, etc. This article reviews the principles, characteristics, and applications of recent rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens.

중국 국유기업 개혁의 딜레마: 도시주민들의 기득권 문제를 중심으로

한홍석(Hong Xi Han) 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2001 중소연구 Vol.25 No.1

산업의 고도화와 중국기업들의 기술혁신 전략 - 디지털 영상 재생기 산업 사례를 중심으로 -

한홍석(Hong Xi Han) 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2007 중소연구 Vol.31 No.3