Underlying representation in geminates: from OT perspective

Sung-Hoon Hong,Chang-Kook Suh 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1

Hong, Sung-Hoon, and Chang-Kook Suh. 2004. Underlying represen-tation in Geminates: from an OT perspective. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 10.1. 129.144. This research has examined the status of Underlying Representation (UR) in Optimality Theory focusing on the representation of consonant geminates. For this purpose, we have examined geminate/singleton alternation in Ponapean employing Lexicon Optimization (LO), an algorithm proposed to select a UR among multiple inputs. We have seen that simple application of LO is problematic in singling out a UR for the case of alternation. This leads us to the version of LO that is performed on the paradigms, rather than on an individual forms (Tesar and Smolensky 1996, 2000, Inkelas 1995, 1998). After a thorough implementation of LO, we have found that the URs are simply identical to the input forms; geminate UR for the alternating case and singleton UR for the nonalternating case. Further, it was shown that a unique underlying representation of geminates, regardless of their positions in which they occur, can account for the exceptional geminate behaviors. (Hansung University and Cheonan University)

Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu

Sung-Hoon Hong 한국음운론학회 2002 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.8 No.2

Hong, Sung-Hoon. 2002. Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 8.2. 323-350. This paper addresses some important issues raised by A TR harmony in Classical Manchu, formerly treated as front/back harmony. Here, the front high vowel [i] is totally inactive with respect to the harmony: it is transparent to the harmony, and further, it does not initiate the harmony. I will show that these properties of [i] will be properly explained if we allow underspecified [i] as an option for inputs and output candidate forms. Allowing underspecified [i] in fact accords more with basic notions of Optimality Theory (OT) such as Freedom of Analysis and Richness of the Base than the analyses that do not tolerate this possibility. I will further show that once we allow underspecified [i], its selection in output candidate forms or in input forms is totally governed by OT principles such as constraint interaction and Lexicon Optimization, respectively. (Hansung University)

정보이론 기반 한국어 준말의 분석

홍성훈 ( Sung Hoon Hong ),박선우 ( Sunwoo Park ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2

In casual speech of Korean, words are often reduced to shorter forms by reducing one or more syllables from the original words. This word reduction comes in three types: simple deletion of one or more syllables from the source word, reduction motivated by hiatus avoidance, and reduction created by deletion of subsyllabic segment(s) with subsequent resyllabification. The third type, which we call "subsyllabic reduction (SSR)," is particularly interesting because it is not clear what motivates this specific deletion of segment strings and the subsequent phonological restructuring. This paper examines the issues surrounding SSR from the perspective of information theory (Shannon 1948) and proposes that SSR occurs to improve string well-formedness and collocational strength between segments, which are measured respectively by information-theoretic notions of ``positive logarithm`` (plog; Goldsmith 2002, 2011) and ``mutual information``. To elaborate this proposal, we compiled a list of reduced words created by SSR and examined how plog and mutual information vary with SSR. We obtained a partially positive result: Among the five types of SSR, the values of plog and mutual information change as we expected in three types, which account for 270 out of 309 cases of SSR. We suggested a tentative explanation for the remaining cases based on reverse derivation and word-edge effect. (Aitchison 2011). (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies · Keimyung University)

Interaction of <i>Veratrum nigrum</i> with <i>Panax ginseng</i> against Obesity: A Sang-ban Relationship

Park, Jinbong,Jeon, Yong-Deok,Kim, Hye-Lin,Lim, Hara,Jung, Yunu,Youn, Dong-Hyun,Jeong, Mi-Young,Kim, Hyun-Ju,Kim, Sung-Hoon,Kim, Su-Jin,Hong, Seung-Heon,Um, Jae-Young Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-

<P>Obesity has become a major health threat in developed countries. However, current medications for obesity are limited because of their adverse effects. Interest in natural products for the treatment of obesity is thus rapidly growing. Korean Medicine (KM) is characterized by the wide use of herbal formulas. However, the combination rule of herbal formulas in KM lacks experimental evidence. According to <I>Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica</I>, the earliest book of herbal medicine, <I>Veratrum nigrum</I> (VN) has antagonistic features against <I>Panax ginseng</I> (PG), and the PG-VN pair is strictly forbidden. In this study, we have shown the effects of PG, VN, and their combination on obesity in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice and in 3T3-L1 cells. PG, VN, and PG-VN combination significantly reduced weight gain and the fat pad weight in HF diet-induced obese mice. They also significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of two major adipogenesis factors, PPAR<I><I>γ</I></I> and C/EBP<I><I>α</I></I>, in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, the PG-VN combination had synergistic effects compared with the mixture of extracts of PG and VN on inhibition of PPAR<I><I>γ</I></I> and C/EBP<I><I>α</I></I> expressions at lower doses. These results indicate a new potential anti-obese pharmacotherapy and also provide scientific evidence supporting the usage of herbal combinations instead of mixtures in KM.</P>

Sub-100nm Hybrid Stamp Fabrication by Hot Embossing

Hong, Sung Hoon,Yang, Ki Yeon,Lee, Heon Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2006 Materials science forum Vol.510 No.-

<P>The fabrication of nano-structured materials using nanoimprint lithography has become more prevalent in recent years, due to its cost effectiveness and readiness. However, One of the biggest drawback of this technique is the fabrication of the imprinting stamp, which is expensive and difficult to fabricate. This paper describes a method of replication original Si or quartz made imprinting template into a polymer stamp which has many advantages, such as the simplicity and low cost of the fabrication process and the flexibility of the resulting stamp. Using the hot embossing method, PVC based imprint stamp with sub 100nm patterns can be fabricated. Due to its high UV transmittance, reasonable mechanical hardness and low surface energy, PVC based nanosized template can be used as a stamp for UV-NIL and sub 100nm patterns were successfully transferred by the UV-NIL process with PVC based imprint stamp.</P>

In-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI admitted during off hours

( Sung-Soo Kim ),( Myung Ho Jeong ),( Jeong Gwan Cho ),( Young Keun Ahn ),( Jong Hyun Kim ),( Shung Chull Chae ),( Young Jo Kim ),( Seung Ho Hur ),( In Whan Seong ),( Taek Jong Hong ),( Dong-hoon Choi 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.1

Conflicting results exist on the outcome of off hours PCI in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, there were only a few studies that have focused on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of off hours PCI in STEMI. So, we studied the clinical characteristics and hospital mortality in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI during regular hours (weekdays 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM) versus off hours Weekdays 6:01 PM to 8:59 AM, weekends, and holidays) in Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. We analyzed in hospital and one year mortality among 5,665 consecutive ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary PCI between November 2005 to January 2008. Total 2,848 (50.2%) patients were treated during off hours. Baseline finding were similar, although regular hours patients were older. Median symptom to balloon time (304 min, IQR 175 to 750 vs. 270 min, IQR 145 to 551, p=0.001) were longer for regular hours primary PCI. Median door to balloon time (71min, IQR: 48 to 132 vs. 59 min, IQR 39 to 110 min, p=0.001) were longer for off hours pPCI. Also, Cardiac enzyme such as Max CK-MB (212.1±299.3 vs 194.7±303.4, p=0.031) and max TnI (72.6±239.5 vs. 58.9±94.4, p=0.013) were increased in off hours pPCI. However, unadjusted in hospital (6.0% off hours vs. 6.0% regular hours, p=0.946) and one year cardiac mortality (11.3% off hours vs. 11.7% regular hours, p=0.661) were comparable. In multivariate analysis, off hours primary PCI did not predict an adverse outcome. In conclusion, when primary PCI was performed within an appropriate reperfusion strategy, the clinical effectiveness of either off hours or regular hours pPCI is comparable.

S-583 Family Meeting program at Initial Diagnosis of Incurable Lung Cancer in St. Vincent``s Hospital

( Sang-hoon Eum ),( Sang-hoon Lee ),( Ho Jung An ),( Eun Jung Park ),( Hyung Ju Lee ),( Chi Hong Kim ),( Hoon-kyo Kim ) 대한내과학회 2016 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.1

Family meeting program(FMP) is to share information and discuss treatment between the patient, family members and health care professionals. In family centered society of Korea, when a patient is diagnosed as cancer, it is difficult to disclose the diagnosis directly to the patient. In this social setting, the primary purpose of our FMP focused on delivering the medical information to the patient himself or herself. The aim of this study is to improve the quality of FMP by analyzing the records of FMP. Patients who first admitted to oncology department for stage IV lung cancer before treatment and their family members were invited to FMPs. The house staff resident physician provided the current medical status of the patients, including diagnosis and stage of the cancer. The attending oncologist provided further treatment plan and prognosis. Data characterizing the meetings were collected by oncology specialized nurse using a data collection sheet. A total of 136 FMPs were conducted during an 18-month period. Prior to FMPs, family member and patients were aware of their diagnosis in 89.7% and 76.5% respectively. To further acquire information of their current medical status, patients actively participated in 102 of 136 meetings (75%). 13 patients refused the attention to the meeting. The family members of 18 patients concerned about the distress of the patients, therefore, they refused to invite the patients to the meetings. 3 patients were so poor to attend FMPs. Diagnosis, stage and primary goal of the treatment were informed in detail. However, the prognosis and life expectancy was discussed only in 93 meetings (68.4%). All patients and family members satisfied about the FMPs. 98 patients (95.1%) showed good comprehension during the meeting, and in 123 cases (90.4%), family members comprehended well. Although most of the patients participated the FMPs, a few patients did not join the meeting because their family members concerned about the distress of the patients. However, the patients participated the meeting actively wanted to know about their disease status, treatment plan, prognosis and life expectancy. The FMPs advanced the comprehension of the disease for the patients and their family members.

Indolent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of hilar lymph node with cancer of unknown primary

( Sang Hyok Lim ),( Hong Woo Cheon ),( Ho Sung Lee ),( Jae Sung Choi ),( Ki Hyun Seo ),( Yong Hoon Kim ),( Ju Ock Na ) 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.1

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of intrathoracic lymph node with cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is very rare. We report a case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of hilar lymph node with CUP and review of the associated literatures. Abnormal mass in the right hilar was incidentally detected. The patient was performed a right pneumonectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. Microscopically, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma at hilar lymph nodes without primary lung or other lesion was diagnosed. He has currently been received adjuvant chemotherapy under diagnosis of T0N1M0 Lung cancer.

Could cluster of risk factors predict clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction?

( Sang Mi Park ),( Hong Nyun Kim ),( Se Yong Jang ),( Myung Hwan Bae ),( Dong Heon Yang ),( Hun Sik Park ),( Yongkeun Cho ),( Shung Chull Chae ),( Jang Hoon Lee ) 대한내과학회 2015 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: Conventional risk factors are differently contributed to short-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI); hypertension and diabetes increase adverse outcome, whereas hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity paradoxically decrease adverse outcome of post-MI patients. The aim of this study is to assess whether cluster of conventional risk factors, PARADOCS (Pressure of ARtery Abnormality, Diabetes, Obesity, Cholesterol, Smoking) score, would improve the ability to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in patients with AMI. Methods: Between November 2005 and July 2011, 24,020 patients (17,232 men; mean age=63.0±12.8) with AMI were analyzed from Korean AMI registry. PARADOCS score was calculated as follows; [number of non-paradoxical risk factors (NRF) -number of paradoxical risk factors (PRF)]+3 in which non-paradoxical risk factors are hypertension and diabetes, and paradoxical risk factors are the rest. The 1-year MACEs were defined as death and non-fatal MI. Results: NRF including hypertension and diabetes were present in 49.6% and 27.0%, whereas PRF including hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity were present in 12.3%, 43.0%, and 34.6%, respectively. During the follow-up, 1,409 (5.9%) MACEs occurred. PARADOCS score was significantly higher in patients with 1-year MACEs (3.38±1.03 versus 2.81±1.08, p<0.001). In Cox proportional hazards model, PARADOCS score was an independent predictor of 1-year MACEs (hazards ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.34; p<0.001) after adjusting for confounding variables. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the PARADOCS score; PARADOCSLOW (0-1, n=2,446), PARADOCSMID (2-3, n=14,594), and PARADOCSHIGH (4-5, n= 6,980). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there were significant differences in the 1-year MACEs among three groups including 3.5% in PARADOCSLOW, 8.5% in PARADOCSMID, and 16.4% in PARADOCSHIGH, respectively (long-rank p<0.001). Conclusions: In post-MI patients, conventional risk factors are differently associated with short-term prognosis, and score of these risk factors, PARADOCS score, can provide useful prognostic information to clinicians.

Flavored candy drops can improve the patient’s compliance when taking PEG solution for colonoscopy

( Sang Hyun Kim ),( In Kyung Yoo ),( Hyuk Soon Choi ),( Eun Sun Kim ),( Bora Keum ),( Yoon Tae Jeen ),( Hoon Jai Chun ),( Hong Sik Lee ) 대한내과학회 2015 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.1

Background and Aims: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) based solution has been widely used for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy. The main disadvantages of this preparation were its large volume and poor palatability. Recently, PEG with ascorbic acid was developed for low-volume and better taste. However, this method still requires moderate amount of volume and has brought just a little taste improvement. We aimed to investigate whether adding various kinds of flavored candy drops can improve the pateints’ compliance and the quality of bowel cleansing when taking 4-L, split-dose, PEG with ascorbic acid solution for colonoscopy. Methods: Single center, randomized study was performed during May to November 2014. A total of 120 patients were prospectively enrolled. The patients were classified into 3 groups. (40 control group, 40 menthol candy group, and 40 cherry flavored candy group.) All patients received colonoscopy using split-dose PEG ascorbic acid preparation method. In the candy drops added group, patients were provided 10 candy drops and instructed to suck on a candy while drinking the split-dose PEG solution. To investigate the compliance and palatability, a questionnaire was performed before colonoscopy. Quality of preparation, remaining unconsumed volume, and side effects were also investigated. Results: The mean palatability score and patient compliance were significantly better in both candy drops users versus controls. Patients with cherry candies complained of fewer side effects such as nausea or abdominal fullness than the menthol group. Quality of colon preparation was also significantly better in the both flavored candy groups than the controls. Cherry candy group achieved the best preparation quality. Conclusions: Flavored candy drops can improve the taste and patient’s compliance when taking PEG solution, and are associated with better bowel cleansing. It seems taking flavored candy drops based on a patient’s preference when taking PEG solution is a safe and easy method to enhance the quality of bowel preparation.