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매립지에서 오염물질의 장기간 배출을 고려한 폐기물 관리방법의 평가
( Paul H. Brunner ),( Michael Eder ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2
장기적인 영향과 비용을 고려하여, 폐기물 관리목표를 만족하기 위한 폐기물 관리 방법을 비교하였다. 매립지에 반입되는 도시생활폐기물 및 도시하수슬러지를 계내 유입량으로 고려하였다. 각 시나리오는 물질수지 분석과 경제성 검토를 통하여 실제상황과 비교하였다. 매립된 폐기물의 장기적인 영향에 관한 내용을 포함하는 비용편익분석(cost-benefit analysis; CBA) 및 수정식 비용-효과분석 (modified cost-effectiveness analysis, MCEA)이 이 평가를 위해 이용되었다. MCEA뿐만 아니라 CBA의 결과를 통해, 장기간의 영향을 고려한다면, 폐기물의 열적 처리가 기계적 생물학적 전처리 또는 전처리 전처리 없는 매립보다 폐기물관리 목적에 효율적으로 부합됨을 알 수 있었다. A method is presented to compare waste management options in view of the goals of waste management, taking into account long-term implications and costs. Municipal solid waste and municipal sewage sludge are taken as the system inputs. Scenarios are compared to the status-quo by material flow analysis and economic evaluation. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and modified cost-effectiveness analysis (MCEA), that includes long-term impacts of the land filled wastes, are used for this assessment. The results of CBA as well as MCEA confirm, that if long-term effects are taken into account, the goals of waste management can be reached more efficiently by thermal waste treatment than by mechanical-biological treatment or land filling without pre-treatment.
EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS EMPHASISING LONG-TERM EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS
( Paul H. Brunner ),( Michael Eder ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1
A method is presented to compare waste management options in view of the goals of waste management, taking into account long-term implications and costs. Municipal solid waste and municipal sewage sludge are taken as the system inputs. Scenarios are compared to the status-quo by material flow analysis and economic evaluation. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and modified cost-effectiveness analysis (MCEA), that includes long-term impacts of the land filled wastes, are used for this assessment. The results of CBA as well as MCEA con- firm, that if long-term effects are taken into account, the goals of waste management can be reached more efficiently by thermal waste treatment than by mechanical- biological treatment or land filling without pretreatment.
CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF THE AKARI NEP DEEP FIELD
T. Miyaji,M. Krumpe,H. Brunner,T. Ishigaki,H. Hanami,A. Markowitz,T. Takagi,T. Goto,M. A. Malkan,H. Matsuhara,C. Pearson,Y. Ueda,T. Wada 한국천문학회 2017 天文學論叢 Vol.32 No.1
The AKARI NEP Deep Field Survey is an international multiwavelength survey over 0.4 deg$^2$ of the sky. This is the deepest survey made by the InfraRed Camera (IRC) of the infrared astronomical satellite AKARI with 9 filters continuously covering the 2-25 μm range, including three filters in the Spitzer gap between the IRAC and MIPS coverages. This enabled us to make sensitive MIR detection of AGN candidates at z ~ 1, based on hot dust emission in the AGN torus. It is also efficient in detecting highly obscured Compton-thick AGN population. In this article, we report the first results of X-ray observations on this field. The field was covered by 15 overlapping Chandra ACIS-I observations with a total exposure of ~ 300 ks, detecting $\approx 450$ X-ray sources. We utilize rest-frame stacking analysis of the MIR AGN candidates that are not detected individually. Our preliminary analysis shows a marginal detection of the rest-frame stacked Fe K$\alpha$ line from our strong Compton-thick candidates.
Review of Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Leukocytospermia in Male Infertility
Robert J. Brunner,Jonathan H. Demeter,Puneet Sindhwani 대한남성과학회 2019 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.37 No.2
Leukocytospermia is an ill-defined and poorly understood condition affecting up to 30% of male factor infertility. Current guidelines on leukocytospermia vary significantly, although it has been linked to increased rates of infertility, uncertainty about its clinical significance, diagnosis, and treatment remains. The guidelines are conflicting with sparse data scattered across different specialties and continents. This study aims to compare and contrast available international guidelines and recommendations. In addition to these guidelines, we sought to consolidate the findings of trials over the last several de-cades. English language articles on human observational studies, retrospective, prospective, clinical trials and randomized control trials were searched for using the following terms: “leukocytospermia, pyospermia, and male infertility.” Articles about treatment and management of leukocytospermia that were published between January 2010 and April 2018 were in-cluded, as well as four articles referenced in best practice and guideline statements from urological and andrological associa-tions. Disagreements on this topic are highlighted as some guidelines describe no correlation between leukocytospermia and infertility while others show that treatment leads to improvement of sperm quality by many measures including improved pregnancy rate. Various treatments have been suggested including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and frequent ejaculation. There is a need for definitive characterization of Leukocytospermia as an infectious or inflammatory marker and a re-evaluation of the leukocyte concentration threshold. Additional studies investigating rates of conception as a measure of outcome are needed, to provide greater level of evidence and generalizability of leukocytopsermia management.