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Stéphane Gros 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.19
Southernmost Kham, which borders Burma and Yunnan Province, remained at the juncture of several mutually competing political centers until the first half of the twentieth century. On the fringes of Tibetan, Naxi, and Chinese expansion and increasing political control, several Tibeto- Burman–speaking groups such as the Drung and Nung gradually became integrated into their neighbors’ polities. Their political dependency often arose from trading with and accepting loans from commercial agents and from the intermediaries of local rulers, Naxi and Tibetans alike. This article addresses this practice of providing credit, which was developed at the expense of impoverished groups who were often obliged to accept the terms of the transaction. The author particularly emphasizes the connections between this system of debt dependency, the relationship between creditors and debtors that has to be considered in terms of exchange and reciprocity, and the question of political legitimacy. Within this broader context of regional interethnic relations, the article provides a detailed analysis of the concrete terms of the political relationship that existed between Drung communities and Tibetan chiefs of Tsawarong, which contributes to an understanding of the workings of this relationship and its economic, territorial, and even ritual components.
Takai, Atsuro,Chkounda, Mohammed,Eggenspiller, Antoine,Gros, Claude P.,Lachkar, Mohammed,Barbe, Jean-Michel,Fukuzumi, Shunichi American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.12
<P>A novel porphyrin tripod (TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>) was synthesized via “click chemistry”. Three porphyrin moieties of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> are geometrically close and linked by a flexible linker. The electron-transfer oxidation of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> results in intramolecular π-dimer formation between porphyrin moieties as indicated by electrochemical, vis−NIR, and ESR measurements. The cyclic voltammogram of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> exhibited stepwise one-electron oxidation processes of three porphyrin moieties in the range from 0.58 to 0.73 V (vs SCE in CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB>). When TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> was oxidized by tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)-ruthenium(III) ([Ru(bpy)<SUB>3</SUB>]<SUP>3+</SUP>), the oxidized species (TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUP><I>n</I>+</SUP> (0 < <I>n</I> ≤ 3) exhibited a charge resonance band in the NIR region due to the π-dimer formation between porphyrin moieties. A supramolecular electron donor−acceptor system was also constructed using TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>. The flexible conformation of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> makes it possible to capture a fullerene derivative containing a pyridine moiety (PyC<SUB>60</SUB>) inside the cavity by π−π interactions as well as the coordination bond between Zn<SUP>2+</SUP> and the pyridine moiety. The formation of a 1:1 supramolecular complex of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> with PyC<SUB>60</SUB> (TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>−PyC<SUB>60</SUB>) was indicated in the UV−vis and <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectra in nonpolar solvents. The association constant of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> with PyC<SUB>60</SUB> (1.1 × 10<SUP>5</SUP> M<SUP>−1</SUP> in toluene) is much larger as compared with those of the corresponding monomer (MPZn) and dimer porphyrin (DPZn<SUB>2</SUB>). The dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of TPZn<SUB>3</SUB> to PyC<SUB>60</SUB> was examined by laser flash photolysis measurements. The efficient intracomplex photoinduced electron transfer in TPZn<SUB>3</SUB>−PyC<SUB>60</SUB> occurred in nonpolar solvents, resulting from the π−π interactions between the porphyrin and fullerene moieties, together with intramolecular π-bond formation between the porphyrin radical cation and the neutral porphyrin in TPZn<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>•+</SUP>.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-12/ja100192x/production/images/medium/ja-2010-00192x_0019.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja100192x'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Synthesis and Photodynamicsof Fluorescent Blue BODIPY-PorphyrinTweezers Linked by Triazole Rings
Eggenspiller, Antoine,Takai, Atsuro,El-Khouly, Mohamed E.,Ohkubo, Kei,Gros, ClaudeP.,Bernhard, Claire,Goze, Christine,Denat, Franck,Barbe, Jean-Michel,Fukuzumi, Shunichi AmericanChemical Society 2012 The Journal of physical chemistry A Vol.116 No.15
<P>Novel zinc porphyrin tweezers in which two zinc porphyrins were connected with pi-conjugated boron dipyrromethenes (BDP meso-Por(2) and BDP beta-Por(2)) through triazole rings were synthesized to investigate the photoinduced energy transfer and electron transfer. The UV-vis spectrum of BDP beta-Por(2) which has less bulky substituents than BDP meso-Por(2) exhibits splitting of the Soret band as a result of the interaction between porphyrins of BDP beta-Por(2) in the excited state. Such interaction between porphyrins of both BDP beta-Por(2) and BDP meso-Por(2) is dominant at room temperature, while the coordination of the nitrogen atoms of the triazole rings to the zinc ions of the porphyrins occurs at low temperature. The conformational change of the BDP-porphyrin composites was confirmed by the changes in UV-vis and fluorescence spectra depending on temperature. Photodynamics of BDP meso-Por2 and BDP beta-Por(2) has also been investigated by laser flash photolysis. Efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer from the ZnP to the pi-conjugated BDP moiety of both BDP meso-Por2 and BDP beta-Por(2) occurred in opposite direction as compared to energy transfer from conventional BDP to ZnP due to the pi-conjugation in nonpolar toluene. In polar benzonitrile, however, additional electron transfer occurred along with energy transfer.</P>
IL-4 Derived from Non-T Cells Induces Basophil- and IL-3-independent Th2 Immune Responses
Kim, Sohee,Karasuyama, Hajime,Lopez, Angel F.,Ouyang, Wenjun,Li, Xiaoxia,Gros, Graham Le,Min, Booki The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2013 Immune Network Vol.13 No.6
How Th2 immunity develops in vivo remains obscure. Basophils have been considered key innate cells producing IL-4, a cytokine essential for Th2 immunity. Increasing evidence suggests that basophils are dispensable for the initiation of Th2 immunity. In this study, we revisited the role of basophils in Th2 immune responses induced by various types of adjuvants. Mice deficient in IL-3 or IL-3 receptor, in which basophil lymph node recruitment is completely abolished, fully developed wild type level Th2 CD4 T cell responses in response to parasite antigen or papain immunization. Similar finding was also observed in mice where basophils are inducibly ablated. Interestingly, IL-4-derived from non-T cells appeared to be critical for the generation of IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. Other Th2 promoting factors including IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were dispensable. Therefore, our results suggest that IL-3- and basophil-independent in vivo Th2 immunity develops with the help of non-T cell-derived IL-4, offering an additional mechanism by which Th2 type immune responses arise in vivo.
Targeting of epigenetic regulators in neuroblastoma
Luz Jubierre,Carlos Jiménez,Eric Rovira,Aroa Soriano,Constantino Sábado,Luis Gros,Anna Llort,Raquel Hladun,Josep Roma,Josep Sánchez de Toledo,Soledad Gallego,Miguel F. Segura 생화학분자생물학회 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.-
Approximately 15,000 new cases of pediatric cancer are diagnosed yearly in Europe, with 8–10% corresponding to neuroblastoma, a rare disease with an incidence of 8–9 cases per million children <15 years of age. Although the survival rate for low-risk and intermediate-risk patients is excellent, half of children with high-risk, refractory, or relapsed tumors will be cured, and two-thirds of the other half will suffer major side effects and life-long disabilities. Epigenetic therapies aimed at reversing the oncogenic alterations in chromatin structure and function are an emerging alternative against aggressive tumors that are or will become resistant to conventional treatments. This approach proposes targeting epigenetic regulators, which are proteins that are involved in the creation, detection, and interpretation of epigenetic signals, such as methylation or histone post-translational modifications. In this review, we focused on the most promising epigenetic regulators for targeting and current drugs that have already reached clinical trials.
Valente, Sergio,Liu, Yiwei,Schnekenburger, Michael,Zwergel, Clemens,Cosconati, Sandro,Gros, Christina,Tardugno, Maria,Labella, Donatella,Florean, Cristina,Minden, Steven,Hashimoto, Hideharu,Chang, Yan American Chemical Society 2014 Journal of medicinal chemistry Vol.57 No.3
<P/><P>DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are important enzymes involved in epigenetic control of gene expression and represent valuable targets in cancer chemotherapy. A number of nucleoside DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi) have been studied in cancer, including in cancer stem cells, and two of them (azacytidine and decitabine) have been approved for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. However, only a few non-nucleoside DNMTi have been identified so far, and even fewer have been validated in cancer. Through a process of hit-to-lead optimization, we report here the discovery of compound <B>5</B> as a potent non-nucleoside DNMTi that is also selective toward other AdoMet-dependent protein methyltransferases. Compound <B>5</B> was potent at single-digit micromolar concentrations against a panel of cancer cells and was less toxic in peripheral blood mononuclear cells than two other compounds tested. In mouse medulloblastoma stem cells, <B>5</B> inhibited cell growth, whereas related compound <B>2</B> showed high cell differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, <B>2</B> and <B>5</B> are the first non-nucleoside DNMTi tested in a cancer stem cell line.</P>