Strategies Adopted by Transcultural Communities to Compensate the Loss of Collective Memory

Govinda Raj Bhattarai 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2014 남아시아연구 Vol.19 No.3

Memory is the Mother of all Wisdom said Aeschylus long ago. Truly, human civilization is nothing more than what we cherish as the best we have recollected in the form of version especially as an intangible existence. Tangible actions and events are complimentary. In this paper, I would like to discuss memory, not individual or personal one, but as a social phenomenon, which is termed as collective memory. People inherit, treasure and transmit memories recorded in their practices without conscious effort. To put it in Halbwachs’s words, “It is in society that people normally acquire their memories. It is also in society that they recall, recognize, and localize their memories”(1992: 46). He believes that human memory functions within a collective memory which is the result of shared remembrances. History also treasures memories but Halbwachs says history is dead and collective memories are living, both are publicly available facts however. Truly, these unrecorded memories bind people together so long as they live in a particular society. What happens if people disperse and societies disintegrate or fragment and they are away (virtually they are nowhere ) from their ancient seat of learning, acquisition and transfer of knowledge through social memory? They suffer memory loss (a case more dangerous than Alzheimers because a whole society goes amnesic and the loss becomes irretrievable), as a result they are most alarmed, feel insecure, shocked and dismissed. They are traumatized more for their children than themselves, as they know the succeeding generation(s) will be truncated or devoid of the past that looms since antiquity. I have seen parents trying to teach literacy and numeracy in their mother tongue to their children (in foreign lands) so that they could be connected with their homeland in future but it fails because there is no oral tradition existent to show the totality of ‘native’ social life that helps one ‘inherit’ language and culture automatically. With travels and migrations, memory landscapes change over a period of time and the culture of that race changes its color adapting to the local one. I have seen desperate parents planning to return to their homeland (to die) leaving their grown up children behind. I have seen this during my travels to many Nepali diasporas distributed from the USA to Hong Kong. In this paper I will substantiate instances of people gripped by fear of gradual “memory loss” not of a person but the “collective memory” of a whole generation, whole community. This can be equated with “culture death” which results from the loss of “cultural memory” which will leave people devoid of their identity. I will draw on my personal experience and cases of literary works created by authors distributed along various Nepali diasporas.

Shared molecular basis, diagnosis, and co-inheritance of alpha and beta thalassemia

Govinda Khatri,Abdul Moiz Sahito,Saboor Ahmed Ansari 대한혈액학회 2021 Blood Research Vol.56 No.4

.

Cu2S nanocrystals incorporated highly efficient non-fullerene ternary organic solar cells

Govinda Lakhotiya,Namdeo Belsare,Abhimanyu Rana,Vinay Gupta 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.4

Here, we report Cu2S nanocrystals based non-fullerene ternary polymer solar cells by incorporating Cu2S in conjugated polymer (PBDB-T: poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))- alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione))]) and small molecule non-fullerene compound (ITIC:3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))- 5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene). The devices were fabricated in inverted configuration i.e. ITO/ZnO/PBDB-T: Cu2S NCs: ITIC/MoO3/Ag. Effect of concentration of Cu2S nanocrystals on the performance parameters of PBDB-T: ITIC based organic solar cells is studied. An enhancement in the power conversion efficiency from 8.24% to 9.53% is achieved for the optimum concentration of Cu2S nanocrystals in the organic photoactive blend. The cause of improvement in the performance parameters of the device is investigated by means of the light intensity dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that the devices with Cu2S nanocrystals have less trap-assisted recombination.

Soil Erosion Conservation Measures in Nepal: A Review

Govinda Bhandari 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Effects of fine particulate matter on bone marrow-conserved hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: a systematic review

Bhattarai Govinda,Shrestha Saroj Kumar,Sim Hyun-Jaung,Lee Jeong-Chae,Kook Sung-Ho 생화학분자생물학회 2024 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.56 No.-

The harmful effects of fine particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in size (PM2.5) on human health have received considerable attention. However, while the impact of PM2.5 on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems has been well studied, less is known about the effects on stem cells in the bone marrow (BM). With an emphasis on the invasive characteristics of PM2.5, this review examines the current knowledge of the health effects of PM2.5 exposure on BM-residing stem cells. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 enters the circulation and then travels to distant organs, including the BM, to induce oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and epigenetic changes, resulting in the reduction of BM-residing stem cell survival and function. Understanding the broader health effects of air pollution thus requires an understanding of the invasive characteristics of PM2.5 and its direct influence on stem cells in the BM. As noted in this review, further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying processes by which PM2.5 disturbs the BM microenvironment and inhibits stem cell functionality. Strategies to prevent or ameliorate the negative effects of PM2.5 exposure on BM-residing stem cells and to maintain the regenerative capacity of those cells must also be investigated. By focusing on the complex relationship between PM2.5 and BM-resident stem cells, this review highlights the importance of specific measures directed at safeguarding human health in the face of rising air pollution.

Fomitoside-K from Fomitopsis nigra induces apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinomas (YD-10B) via mitochondrial signaling pathway.

Bhattarai, Govinda,Lee, Young-Hee,Lee, Nan-Hee,Lee, In-Kyoung,Yun, Bong-Sik,Hwang, Pyong-Han,Yi, Ho-Keun Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2012 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.35 No.10

<P>In this study, a new lanostane triterpene glycoside (fomitoside-K) having biologically active molecules was isolated from a mushroom Fomitopsis nigra to test its anticancer activity on human oral squamous cell carcinomas (YD-10B). We focused on the effect of fomitoside-K on apoptosis, the mitochondria-mediated death pathway and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in YD-10B cells. Fomitoside-K could induce a dose and time-dependent apoptosis in YD-10B cells as characterized by cell morphology, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of survivin, activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, -9 and an increased expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. The mitochondria membrane potential loss and cytochrome c (Cyt C) release from mitochondria to cytosol were observed during the induction. Moreover, fomitoside-K caused dose-dependent elevation of intracellular ROS level and increase phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in YD-10B cells. To further investigate the mechanisms, we examined the effects of ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and selective inhibitors for mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways on the cell death. The fomitoside-K induced cell death by ROS was significantly inhibited by NAC, ERK (PD98059) and JNK inhibitor (SP600125). In addition, fomitoside-K has a synergistic effect with adriamycin in suppressing the growth of YD-10B cells. These data suggest that fomitoside-K induces apoptosis in YD-10B cells through the ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway and provides a mechanistic framework for further exploring the use of fomitoside-K against the proliferation of human oral cancer.</P>

Surface functionalization dependent subcellular localization of Superparamagnetic nanoparticle in plasma membrane and endosome

Thimiri Govinda Raj Deepak B.,Khan Niamat Ali 나노기술연구협의회 2018 Nano Convergence Vol.5 No.4

In this article, we elaborate the application of thermal decomposition based synthesis of Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticle (SPMNP) in subcellular fractionation context. Here, we performed surface functionalization of SPMNP with phospholipids and dimercaptosuccinic acid. Surprisingly, we observed surface functionalization dependent SPMNP localization in subcellular compartments such as plasma membrane, endosomes and lysosomes. By using SPMNP based subcellular localization with pulse–chase methodology, we could use SPMNP for high pure-high yield organelle (plasma membrane, endosomes and lysosome) fractionation. Further, SPMNP that are distinctly localized in subcellular compartments can be used as technology for subcellular fractionation that can complement existing tools for cell biology research. As a future perspective, isolated magnetic organelles can be extended to protein/protein complex purification for biochemical and structural biology studies.

Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer from Reentrant Cavity Tubes

K. Govinda Rajulu,H. K. Varma,B. S. Varshney,B. Mohanty 대한기계학회 1993 International Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Vol.2 No.1

Designer nanoparticle: nanobiotechnology tool for cell biology

Thimiri Govinda Raj Deepak B.,Khan Niamat Ali 나노기술연구협의회 2016 Nano Convergence Vol.3 No.22

This article discusses the use of nanotechnology for subcellular compartment isolation and its application towards subcellular omics. This technology review significantly contributes to our understanding on use of nanotechnology for subcellular systems biology. Here we elaborate nanobiotechnology approach of using superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) optimized with different surface coatings for subcellular organelle isolation. Using pulse-chase approach, we review that SPMNPs interacted differently with the cell depending on its surface functionalization. The article focuses on the use of functionalized-SPMNPs as a nanobiotechnology tool to isolate high quality (both purity and yield) plasma membranes and endosomes or lysosomes. Such nanobiotechnology tool can be applied in generating subcellular compartment inventories. As a future perspective, this strategy could be applied in areas such as immunology, cancer and stem cell research.

Recombinant human IGF-1 produced by transgenic plant cell suspension culture enhances new bone formation in calvarial defects

Poudel, Sher Bahadur,Bhattarai, Govinda,Kook, Sung-Ho,Shin, Yun-Ji,Kwon, Tae-Ho,Lee, Seung-Youp,Lee, Jeong-Chae Elsevier 2017 Growth hormone & IGF research Vol.36 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Transgenic plant cell suspension culture systems have been utilized extensively as convenient and efficient expression systems for the production of recombinant human growth factors. We produced insulin-like growth factor-1 using a plant suspension culture system (p-IGF-1) and explored its effect on new bone formation in calvarial defects. We also compared the bone regenerating potential of p-IGF-1 with commercial IGF-1 derived from <I>Escherichia coli</I> (e-IGF-1). Male C57BL/6 mice underwent calvarial defect surgery, and the defects were loaded with absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) only (ACS group) or ACS impregnated with 13μg of p-IGF-1 (p-IGF-1 group) or e-IGF-1 (e-IGF-1 group). The sham group did not receive any treatment with ACS or IGFs after surgery. Live μCT and histological analyses showed critical-sized bone defects in the sham group, whereas greater bone formation was observed in the p-IGF-1 and e-IGF-1 groups than the ACS group both 5 and 10weeks after surgery. Bone mineral density, bone volume, and bone surface values were also higher in the IGF groups than in the ACS group. Local delivery of p-IGF-1 or e-IGF-1 more greatly enhanced the expression of osteoblast-specific markers, but inhibited osteoclast formation, in newly formed bone compared with ACS control group. Specifically, p-IGF-1 treatment induced higher expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in the defect site than did e-IGF-1. Furthermore, treatment with p-IGF-1, but not e-IGF-1, increased mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, with the attendant upregulation of osteogenic marker genes. Collectively, our findings suggest the potential of p-IGF-1 in promoting the processes required for bone regeneration.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We explored bone regenerating potential of IGF-1 produced by a plant culture system. </LI> <LI> Local delivery of IGF-1 increased bone formation in calvarial defect model of mice. </LI> <LI> IGF-1 treatment stimulated the expression of osteogenic marker genes in the defect. </LI> <LI> The IGF-1 induced new bone formation similar to that did a commercial IGF-1. </LI> <LI> These results support a clinical usefulness of the IGF-1 in repairing bone defects. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>