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Gao, F.,Liu, Y.C.,Hou, X.Z. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.12
This study investigated the effect of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the growth and development of ovine fetal visceral organs. One hundred Mongolian ewes were mated at a synchronized oestrus and divided into three groups and offered 0.175 MJ ME $kgw^{-0.75}\;d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group1; RG1), 0.33 MJ ME $kgw^{-0.75}\;d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group2; RG2) and ad libitum access to feed (Control Group; CG) during late pregnancy (90 days). Selected animals in each group were slaughtered immediately at d 90 of pregnancy and after parturition (neonatal lambs), and major visceral organs were removed and weighed separately. The results indicated that the weights of lung (p<0.01), spleen (p<0.01), heart (p<0.05), liver (p<0.05) and abomasum (p<0.01) in RG1 were significantly lighter than those of CG. For RG2, only the weights of the lung (p<0.05) and spleen (p<0.01) were significantly lighter than those of CG; when expressed as a percentage of body weight, significance was retained in the spleen (p<0.01) for both restricted groups, but the percentage of brain in RG1 was significantly higher than that in CG (p<0.01). For lung and spleen, the amount of DNA was significantly lower (p<0.01) in both groups of restricted neonatal lambs compared to CG; however, there was a significant difference only between RG1 and CG for protein: DNA ratio (p<0.01). The DNA content of kidney, abomasum and jejunum were decreased (p<0.05) in RG1 neonatal lambs, but protein: DNA ratio in the liver was decreased compared with that of CG (p<0.05). The plane of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy had a significant effect on the growth and development of fetal visceral organs, which altered ontogeny of fetal organ growth and development. These perturbations in fetal visceral development may have significant implications on postnatal growth and adult health.
Effect of Maternal Under-nutrition during Late Pregnancy on Lamb Birth Weight
Gao, F.,Hou, X.Z.,Liu, Y.C.,Wu, S.Q.,Ao, C.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.3
This study investigated the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on lamb birth weight. 45 Mongolian ewes, synchronized for oestrus and then mated, were divided into four groups and offered 0.86 MJME/kgw-0.75d-1 (control group; CG : ad libitum access to feed), $0.44MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group 3; R3), $0.33MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group 2; R2) and $0.20MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$ (Restricted Group 1; R1) respectively during late pregnancy (90-150 days). During restriction, maternal net body weight loss, insulin and NEFA concentrations and lamb birth weight were measured. The results indicated that loss of maternal body weight in R3, R2 and R1 was 4.42, 7.23, 11.13 kg respectively, which was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that in CG (0.93 kg). Insulin concentrations of the ewes in R1, R2 and R3 were lower and were significantly different (p<0.05) between restricted groups and CG at 124 d of pregnancy. NEFA concentrations in all groups tended to decrease from 90d of gestation to parturition and in R1 were significantly (p<0.05) lower than in CG at 124 d of gestation. Lamb birth weight in R1 was significantly lower than in R2, R3 and CG (p<0.05). In conclusion, with decreasing supply of maternal nutrition, the retardation of fetal growth became worse. When the plane of nutrition was below $0.33MJME/kgw^{-0.75}d^{-1}$, significant effects of maternal undernutrition on lamb birth weight were observed.
Zhang, L.,Xu, J.,Lei, L.,Jiang, Y.,Gao, F.,Zhou, G.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.6
This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broilers fed wheat-based diets. A total of 120 7-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allotted to two wheat-based experimental diets supplemented with 0 or 1.0 g/kg xylanase. Each treatment was composed of 6 replicates with 10 birds each. Diets were given to the birds from 7 to 21 days of age. The results showed that xylanase supplementation did not affect feed intake, but increased body weight gain of broiler at 21 day of age by 5.8% (p<0.05) and improved feed-to-gain ratio by 5.0% (p<0.05). Xylanase significantly increased (p<0.05) ileal digestibilities of crude protein (CP) by 3.5%, starch by 9.3%, soluble NSP by 43.9% and insoluble NSP by 42.2% relative to the control group, respectively. Also, compared with the control treatment, xylanase addition increased (p<0.05) total tract digestibilities of dry matter by 5.7%, CP by 4.1%, starch by 6.3%, soluble NSP by 50.8%, and had a tendency to increase (p = 0.093) insoluble NSP by 19.9%, respectively. The addition of xylanase increased the concentrations of arabinose and xylose in the digesta of gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p<0.05), and the order of their concentration was ileum>jejunum>duodenum>>gizzard> caecum. The supplementation of xylanse increased ileal isomaltriose concentration (p<0.05), but did not affect the concentrations of isomaltose, panose and 1-kestose in the digesta of all GIT sections. These results suggest that supplementation of xylanase to wheat-based diets cuts the arabinoxylan backbone into small fragments (mainly arabinose and xylose) in the ileum, jejunum and duodenum, and enhances digestibilites of nutrients by decreasing digesta viscosity. The release of arabinose and xylose in the small intestine may also be the important contributors to the growth-promoting effect of xylanase in broilers fed wheat-based diets.
Luo, J.,Gao, F.,Kim, D.H.,Peden, C.H.F. Elsevier Science Publishers 2014 CATALYSIS TODAY - Vol.231 No.-
The effects of K loading and thermal aging on the structural properties and high temperature performance of Pt/K/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> lean NO<SUB>x</SUB> trap (LNT) catalysts were investigated using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed decomposition/desorption of NO<SUB>x</SUB> (NO<SUB>x</SUB>-TPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), NO oxidation, and NO<SUB>x</SUB> storage tests. In situ XRD results demonstrate that KNO<SUB>3</SUB> becomes extremely mobile on the Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> surface, and experiences complex transformations between orthorhombic and rhombohedral structures, accompanied by sintering, melting and thermal decomposition upon heating. NO<SUB>x</SUB> storage results show an optimum K loading around 10% for the best performance at high temperatures. At lower K loadings where the majority of KNO<SUB>3</SUB> stays as a surface layer, the strong interaction between KNO<SUB>3</SUB> and Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> promotes KNO<SUB>3</SUB> decomposition and deteriorates high-temperature performance. At K loadings higher than 10%, the performance drop is not caused by NO<SUB>x</SUB> diffusion limitations as for the case of barium-based LNTs, but rather from the blocking of Pt sites by K species, which adversely affects NO oxidation. Thermal aging at 800<SUP>o</SUP>C severely deactivates the Pt/K/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> catalysts due to Pt sintering. However, in the presence of potassium, some Pt remains in a dispersed and oxidized form. These Pt species interact strongly with K and, therefore, do not sinter. After a reduction treatment, these Pt species remain finely dispersed, contributing to a partial recovery of NO<SUB>x</SUB> storage performance.
On the fatigue performance of Aluminum alloy 2024 scarfed lap joints
Yan, W.Z.,Gao, H.S.,Yuan, X.,Wang, F.S.,Yue, Z.F. Techno-Press 2012 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.44 No.1
A series of fatigue test were carried out on scarfed lap joints (SLJ) using in airfoil siding to explore the effect of structural details, such as rows of rivets, lap angles, on its fatigue performance. Finite element (FE) analysis was employed to explore the effect of lap angle on load transfer and the stress evolution around the rivet hole. At last, the fatigue lives were predicted by nominal stress approach and critical plane approach. Both of the test results and predicted results showed that fatigue life of SLJ was remarkably increased after introducing lap angle into the faying surface. Specimen with the lap angle of $1.68^{\circ}$ exhibits the best fatigue performance in the present study.
Stress relaxation through interdiffusion in amorphous lithium alloy electrodes
Gao, Y.F.,Cho, M.,Zhou, M. Pergamon Press 2013 Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids Vol.61 No.2
At high guest (lithium) atom concentrations, the diffusion of host (e.g., silicon) atoms may become significant in amorphous Li-alloy-based solid electrodes. The effect of this diffusion mechanism on stress development is in addition to guest atom diffusion, stress-induced enhancement of guest atom diffusion and plasticity. The effect of the diffusive migration of host atoms in amorphous Li-alloy-based electrodes is investigated using a continuum model. A mixed-form finite element framework is developed to simulate the full coupling between stress development and interdiffusion. This framework overcomes the challenges associated with the numerical evaluation of the hydrostatic stress gradient. The analysis focuses on the relative importance of the mechanical driving force and chemical driving force for host migration. Calculations show that host migration can cause stress reductions of up to ~20% in Li-Si electrodes at stress levels below the yield threshold of the material. Analyses also show that the long-term steady state of stress distribution is independent of the host diffusivity and the thermodynamic factor of diffusion which quantifies the tendency of the two species of atoms to chemically mix, even though the transient behavior (in particular, the peak stresses during charging being important quantities) does depend on the thermodynamic factor and the host diffusivity. The diffusion of Si (host) introduces a time scale which, along with the time scale for Li (guest) diffusion, controls the diffusional response of electrodes.