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Improved current collection in WO<sub>3</sub>:Mo/WO<sub>3</sub> bilayer photoelectrodes
Gaillard, Nicolas,Cole, Brian,Kaneshiro, Jess,Miller, Eric L.,Marsen, Bjorn,Weinhardt, Lothar,Bä,r, Marcus,Heske, Clemens,Ahn, Kwang-Soon,Yan, Yanfa,Al-Jassim, Mowafak M. Cambridge University Press (Materials Research Soc 2010 Journal of materials research Vol.25 No.1
<P>We report on the incorporation of molybdenum into tungsten oxide by co-sputtering and its effect on solar-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Our study shows that Mo incorporation in the bulk of the film (WO3:Mo) results in poor PEC performance when compared with pure WO3, most likely due to defects that trap photo-generated charge carriers. However, when a WO3:Mo/WO3 bilayer electrode is used, a 20% increase of the photocurrent density at 1.6 V versus saturated calomel reference electrode is observed compared with pure WO3. Morphological and microstructural analysis of the WO3:Mo/WO3 bilayer structure reveals that it is formed by coherent growth of the WO3:Mo top layer on the WO3 bottom layer. This effect allows an optimization of the electronic surface structure of the electrode while maintaining good crystallographic properties in the bulk.</P>
Gaillard, M,Britun, N,Kim, Yong M,Han, Jeon G Institute of Physics [etc.] 2007 Journal of physics. D, applied physics Vol.40 No.3
<P>This paper presents an optical diagnostic examination of dc planar magnetron discharge used for titanium deposition at 30 mTorr in argon bulk gas. The results were obtained by optical absorption (OAS) and emission (OES) spectroscopy for two distances from the target without substrate. The absolute density of titanium in the ground and metastable states at 4 cm from the target ranged, respectively, between 8 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and between 6 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and 3 × 10<SUP>11</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP>, in the range 0.2–1.0 A. OES results were used to prepare an assumed interpretation in terms of differences in loss mechanisms, mainly by either diffusion towards the walls for all particles at 8 cm from the target or collision losses for non-radiative species at 4 cm from the target, except for the titanium ground state. This was confirmed by our results of the argon metastable density measurement at 4 cm which was constant at around 7 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> with discharge current.</P>
Britun, N,Gaillard, M,Ricard, A,Kim, Y M,Kim, K S,Han, J G Institute of Physics [etc.] 2007 Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Vol.40 No.4
<P>In order to characterize a nonequilibrium molecular plasma from the point of view of translational, vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom and their interaction, the characteristic temperatures of such a plasma were measured in an ICP rf reactor. Both pure nitrogen and argon–nitrogen mixture plasmas were examined for this purpose.</P><P>The experimental results of rotational (<I>T</I><SUB>r</SUB>), vibrational (<I>T</I><SUB>v</SUB>) and electron (<I>T</I><SUB>e</SUB>) temperatures are presented. Vibrational and rotational temperatures were measured as a function of nitrogen content for both E and H modes of ICP discharge using a power range of 45–200 W and pressure range of 2.6–13.3 Pa. Additionally, the pressure dependence of electron temperature in a pure nitrogen discharge was studied. Results show that rotational temperature is ≈370 K for E mode and ≈470 K for H mode and almost does not depend on either the applied rf power or the nitrogen content in the discharge. Vibrational temperature groups in the range 5000–12 000 K increase with applied rf power and constantly decay with an increase of nitrogen content. The measured values and behaviour of electron temperature are comparable with those for the positive column of the dc glow discharge. The results also prove that these three temperatures obey the classical inequality <I>T</I><SUB>e</SUB> > <I>T</I><SUB>v</SUB> > <I>T</I><SUB>r</SUB>, as well as clarifying the differences in both vibrational and rotational temperature for different modes of the ICP discharge.</P>
Fabry–Perot interferometry for magnetron plasma temperature diagnostics
Britun, N,Gaillard, M,Oh, S-G,Han, J G Institute of Physics [etc.] 2007 Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Vol.40 No.17
<P>A confocal Fabry–Perot interferometer was utilized to study Ar–Ti, Ar–Cu and Ar–Cr dc magnetron discharges during sputtering of the corresponding metallic targets. Doppler broadening of Ar and Ti emission lines was measured in the wide range of Ar pressures and at different powers applied to the discharge. Spatial characterization of Ar and Ti line broadening through the discharge volume was also performed. Corresponding temperatures of Ar and thermalized Ti atoms were determined by Doppler broadening of the corresponding emission lines. Results show that the Ar temperature depends mainly on the working pressure in the reactor and it was found to be on average in the range 700–1300 K for the working pressure range 2–240 mTorr. The temperature of Ti was found to be about 600–800 K; it slightly increases with increasing applied power and does not depend on the working pressure in the reactor. Ar temperature measurements were verified by adding nitrogen in the discharge and by the measuring of the N<SUB>2</SUB>(<I>C</I>, <I>v</I>′ = 0 − <I>B</I>, <I>v</I>″ = 2) vibrational band shape.</P>
Antimony(III) Sulfide Thin Films as a Photoanode Material in Photocatalytic Water Splitting
DeAngelis, Alexander Daniel,Kemp, Kingsley Christian,Gaillard, Nicolas,Kim, Kwang S. American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.13
<P>For the first time, we present exploratory investigations on the performance of thermally evaporated Sb2S3 thin film photoanodes for solar assisted water-splitting applications. With a band gap of 1.72 eV, a 250 nm thick Sb2S3 photoanode showed a saturation photocurrent density of similar to 600 mu A cm(-2) measured at 1.0 V reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.1 M Na2SO4 under 1-sun illumination, with an onset potential of similar to 0.25 V RHE. However, subsequent photodegradation studies revealed that the material dissolves relatively quickly with the application of both illumination and bias. Nonetheless, Sb2S3 does have the advantage of having a relatively low optimal fabrication temperature of 300 degrees C and thus may have utility as a top cell absorber of a tandem device where the bottom cell is temperature sensitive, if protected from corrosion. Therefore, we characterized relevant aspects of the material in an attempt to explain the large difference between the theoretical maximum and measured current density. From our characterization it is believed that the photocatalytic efficiency of this material can be improved by modifying the surface to reduce optical reflection and addressing inherent issues such as high electrical resistivity and surface defects.</P>
Characterization of Equine Milk and Cheese Making
Chang, O.K.,Humbert, G.,Gaillard, J.L.,Lee, B.O. Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2006 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.26 No.3
We have studied on characterization and cheese making like mineral contents, protein composition and coagulation pattern on equine milk. At first, for contents of mineral on equine milk, It was lower in equine than bovine milk Contents of Na, Mg, P, Ca and K the major minerals, were indicated as 18.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 33.3 mg, 80.9 mg and 134.9 mg respectively by 100 g. In the distribution of nitrogen, the ratio NPN to Nt was indicated as 9.8% while that of bovine milk was 7%. And In NCN, its percentage was indicated as 45.6% shelving that Equine casein was lower than bovine. From these results, equine milk could not be applicable to cheese production since there are no coagulable nitrogen fraction such as ${\kappa}$-casein, as there aye with bovine milk. Equine milk will be more acceptable if we accept that the phylogenic affinity is near to human. It is the same as equine from the view points that monogastric, which did not contain ruminant's casein. For the rennet coagulation, equine milk was different than bovine milk. Equine milk did not coagulated by rennet after the addition of $Ca^{2+}$. But when bovine ${\kappa}$-casein was added in the presece of rennet, and $Ca^{2+}$ to equine milk, coagulation occurred. Such phenomenon was also observed by the use SEM. Verification of ${\kappa}$-casein by SDS-PACE did not existed in equine milk. The Casein of equine milk(54.4%) is similar to human milk in that casein/whey is about 1. For equine milt this can be explained because distance between casein and Ca is great, casein being lower, which result in reaction of casein with $Ca^{2+}$ because it could not activated which lasting time of coagulation is too long.