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Recent developments in G<small>EANT</small>4
Allison, J.,Amako, K.,Apostolakis, J.,Arce, P.,Asai, M.,Aso, T.,Bagli, E.,Bagulya, A.,Banerjee, S.,Barrand, G.,Beck, B.R.,Bogdanov, A.G.,Brandt, D.,Brown, J.M.C.,Burkhardt, H.,Canal, Ph.,Cano-Ott, D. Elsevier 2016 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.835 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>G<SMALL>EANT</SMALL>4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Over the past several years, major changes have been made to the toolkit in order to accommodate the needs of these user communities, and to efficiently exploit the growth of computing power made available by advances in technology. The adaptation of G<SMALL>EANT</SMALL>4 to multithreading, advances in physics, detector modeling and visualization, extensions to the toolkit, including biasing and reverse Monte Carlo, and tools for physics and release validation are discussed here.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Multithreading resulted in a smaller memory footprint and nearly linear speed-up. </LI> <LI> Scoring options, faster geometry primitives, more versatile visualization were added. </LI> <LI> Improved electromagnetic and hadronic models and cross sections were developed. </LI> <LI> Reverse Monte Carlo and general biasing methods were added. </LI> <LI> Physics validation efforts were expanded and new validation tools were added. </LI> </UL> </P>
The unusual protoplanetary disk around the T Tauri star ET Chamaeleontis
Woitke, P.,Riaz, B.,Duchê,ne, G.,Pascucci, I.,Lyo, A.-R.,Dent, W. R. F.,Phillips, N.,Thi, W.-F.,Mé,nard, F.,Herczeg, G. J.,Bergin, E.,Brown, A.,Mora, A.,Kamp, I.,Aresu, G.,Brittain, S.,de G EDP Sciences 2011 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.534 No.1
Katherine E. Pierce,Peter G. Passias,Avery E. Brown,Cole A. Bortz,Haddy Alas,Lara Passfall,Oscar Krol,Nicholas Kummer,Renaud Lafage,Dean Chou,Douglas C. Burton,Breton Line,Eric Klineberg,Robert Hart,J 대한척추신경외과학회 2021 Neurospine Vol.18 No.3
Objective: To prioritize the cervical parameter targets for alignment. Methods: Included: cervical deformity (CD) patients (C2–7 Cobb angle>10°, cervical lordosis>10°, cervical sagittal vertical axis [cSVA]>4 cm, or chin-brow vertical angle>25°) with full baseline (BL) and 1-year (1Y) radiographic parameters and Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores; patients with cervical [C] or cervicothoracic [CT] Primary Driver Ames type. Patients with BL Ames classified as low CD for both parameters of cSVA (<4 cm) and T1 slope minus cervical lordosis (TS–CL) (<15°) were excluded. Patients assessed: meeting minimum clinically important differences (MCID) for NDI (<-15 ΔNDI). Ratios of correction were found for regional parameters categorized by primary Ames driver (C or CT). Decision tree analysis assessed cutoffs for differences associated with meeting NDI MCID at 1Y. Results: Seventy-seven CD patients (mean age, 62.1 years; 64% female; body mass index, 28.8 kg/m2). Forty-one point six percent of patients met MCID for NDI. A backwards linear regression model including radiographic differences as predictors from BL to 1Y for meeting MCID for NDI demonstrated an R2 of 0.820 (p=0.032) included TS–CL, cSVA, McGregor’s slope (MGS), C2 sacral slope, C2–T3 angle, C2–T3 SVA, cervical lordosis. By primary Ames driver, 67.5% of patients were C, and 32.5% CT. Ratios of change in predictors for MCID NDI patients for C and CT were not significant between the 2 groups (p> 0.050). Decision tree analysis determined cutoffs for radiographic change, prioritizing in the following order: ≥42.5° C2–T3 angle, >35.4° cervical lordosis, <-31.76° C2 slope, <-11.57-mm cSVA, <-2.16° MGS, >-30.8-mm C2–T3 SVA, and ≤-33.6° TS–CL. Conclusion: Certain ratios of correction of cervical parameters contribute to improving neck disability. Prioritizing these radiographic alignment parameters may help optimize patient-reported outcomes for patients undergoing CD surgery.
Donaghey, Jenny E.,Ashraf, Raja Shahid,Kim, Youngju,Huang, Zheng Gang,Nielsen, Christian B.,Zhang, Weimin,Schroeder, Bob,Grenier, Christophe R. G.,Brown, Christopher T.,D'Angelo, Pasquale,Smith, Jerem Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.21 No.46
<P>The synthesis of the novel electron-rich pyrroloindacenodithiophene (NIDT) unit is reported. Stille copolymerization of the distannylated NIDT unit, with the electron-deficient dibrominated benzothiadiazole (BT), difluorobenzothiadiazole (ffBT), thienopyrrolodione (TPD) and 1,1′-bithienopyrrolodione (biTPD) units afforded a series of low band gap semiconducting polymers. Initial testing shows promise for the use of these materials as p-type semiconductors in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with mobilities as high as 0.07 cm<SUP>2</SUP>V<SUP>−1</SUP>s<SUP>−1</SUP> being measured. These materials have also been tested as the donor polymer in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics (OPVs) giving maximum efficiencies of 2.5%.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Four copolymers synthesized with a novel unit, pyrroloindacenoditiophene, were tested in OFET (μ<SUB>max</SUB> 0.07 cmV<SUP>−1</SUP>s<SUP>−1</SUP>) and OPV (η<SUB>max</SUB> 2.5%) devices. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c1jm13428k'> </P>
MAENG, K. S.,BROWN, G. R.,TRUDEL, G. J.,ST-PIERRE, L. E. 충남대학교 공업교육연구소 1986 論文集 Vol.8 No.3
This study of the irradiation chemistry of hexamethyldi-siloxane 3dsorbed onto silica shows some product yields to be markedly enhanced by the presence of the silica while other products have sharply diminished yields. Control of the surface composition has allwed the determination of the interphase reactions occurring, while changes in extent of surface cover- age have shown the enhancement to occur predominantly at the surface of the particle. Chemisorption to the surface of the silica is a major result of the irradiation of physisorbed MM. The effects of various parameters on the products and on the interaction between the MM and silica is interpreted on the basis of an energy transfer mechanism. Details of this mech-anism will be described in a future publication.