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Yi T’oegye on Transcending the Problem of Evil: A Neo-Confucian and Interreligious Perspective
EDWARD Y. J. CHUNG 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2019 Acta Koreana Vol.22 No.2
Evil is a key concept in Confucianism and other world religions. The problem of evil is therefore central to our interreligious discussion of human nature and the world. In Western scholarship, however, Confucian moral idealism is occasionally criticized for being too optimistic or unable to articulate the nature of evil; it is philosophically or theologically weak, also due to the absence of an omnipotent, omniscient God (divine law-giver). If we take the Confucian doctrine of innate human goodness for granted, how do we explain the active presence of evil in the human world? This article discusses the heart of T’oegye’s thought by focusing on the problem of evil and the way to transcend it. Yi Hwang 李滉 (T’oegye 退溪, 1501–1570) was an eminent Korean thinker who greatly influenced Neo-Confucian ethics and spirituality. By using a textual and interpretive approach, I present his major works including the Sŏnghak sipto 聖學十圖 (Ten diagrams on sage learning), Chasŏngnok 自省錄 (Record of self-reflection), and “Four-Seven Debate Letters.” T’oegye eloquently criticized the origin of moral evil and emphasized a selftranscending way to remove evil and do good. What is important about his interpretation and how does it enrich our global understanding of good and evil? I conclude by considering this and related questions from a comparative and interreligious standpoint.
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Chung, Injae,Bresnick, Edward 德成女子大學校 藥學硏究所 1998 藥學論文誌 Vol.9 No.1
We previously demonstrated an enhancer-like positive regulatory element within a 259-bp sequence (-2352 to -2094 bp) of the human CYP1A2 gene in HepG2 cells. Three protein binding sites were identified by DNase I footprinting analyses within the 259-bp sequence: protected region A PRA; -2283 to -2243 bp), PRB(-2218 to -2187 bp), and PRC(-2124 to -2098 bp) (I. Chung and E. Bresnick, Mol. Pharmacol. 47, 677-685, 1995). In the present study, the functional significance of those protected regions was examined. Transfection experiments with delection and substitution mutants defined the PRB and PRC as containing positive and negative regulatory elements, respectively. Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells were cotransfected with a hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1) expression vector and CYP1A2 promoter- or thymidine kinase promoter-luciferase reporter gene constructs. HNF-1, which contributes to the liver specificity of genes, enhanced reporter gene activity in a PRC sequence-dependent manner. These results suggested that PRC could exist bound to a repressor which was displaceable by other transcription factors such as HNF-1. Results obtained by transfection of HepG2 hepatoma cells with various PRB substitution mutant-luciferase gene fusion constructs indicated that the entire sequence of PRB was necessary for promoter activity. Consequently, the regulation of CYP1A2 expression is very complex, requiring a number of both positive and negative regulatory factors.
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YI T’OEGYE ON REVERENCE (KY?NG) FOR NATURE : A MODERN N대-CONFUCIAN ECOLOGICAL VISION
EDWARD Y. J. CHUNG(에드워드 정) 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2011 한국학연구원 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.6
현대에 가장 긴급한 문제들 중 하나는 생태 위기이다. 지구의 오염은 더욱 심각해지고 있지만, 물질주의와 산업화, 기술, 경제적 동력들에 의해 행해진 자연개발에 의해 자연을 존경하는 마음은 사라진지 오래다. 이것은 세계 정신적 전통들이 인간과 지구관계에 대한 그들의 원칙들을 다시 시험하도록 만들었다. 유교연구에서 최근 개발은 우리 자연문제들을 중요한 도덕적 종교적 문제로서 인식했다. 종교와 생태에 대한 포럼을 여는데 중요한 인사들인 Mary Evelyn Tucker 와, Tu Weiming 등 다른 여러 학자들이 유교생태에 대한 넓은 담론에 기여를 하고, 자기함양과 다른 주제들에 대한 생태학적 관점들을 밝혔다. 그러나 현재 문학은 한국인의 관점들을 분명하게 표현하고 있지 않다. 본 논문은 이퇴계(李退漢 1501-1570)의 경(經)의 철학과 그 철학의 현대 생태학적 암시를 제시한다. 그의 주요 수필들과 편지, 전기, 자연 시를 다루면서, 본 논문은 이 저명한 한국의 사상가인 이퇴계가 주희(朱熹, 1130-1200)를 포함하여 송나라 중국 성리학자들과 연결되는 윤리와 영성의 전체론적 시스템을 개발한 방법에 대해 토론한다. 이퇴계의 생각의 중심에는 슬기롭게 지혜를 기르고 하늘과 땅과 그 밖의 모든 것들과 한 몸을 이루는 데 있는, 인간의 역할을 수행하는 그의 존경의 실천이 있다. 그리고 경의 유교생활은 자연세계와의 엄숙한 관계를 존중한다. 본자는 왜 이 자연 정신적인 경험이 이퇴계의 자연에 대한 깊은 사랑과 자기초월에 대한 그의 해석 안에 뿌리를 두고 있는지 그 이유를 말한다. 그리고 나는 이것이 유교 생태와 세계 환경윤리를 위해 선도하는 한국의 지략이라고 결론을 짓는다. 즉 한국과 세계의 공통체가 지속가능한 자연과 건강한 세계 미래를 위해 우리의 공유된 탐구를 더욱 강화하도록 격려할 것이다. 본자는 덧붙여 희망하건데, 퇴계연구에 새로운 빛을 더하고, “생태학파 한국의 유교사상”을 주제로 하는 제 5 회 KICKS 에 기여하기를 바란다. One of the most pressing concerns in our modem world is the ecological crisis. The earth is becoming more polluted, but the sense of reverence for nature is significantly removed by the exploitation of nature driven by materialism, industrialization, technology, and economic power. This has challenged the world’s spiritual traditions to re-examine their doctrines of divine-human-earth relations. A recent development in Confucian Studies recognized our environmental problems as a key moral and religious topic. Various scholars-led by Mary Evelyn Tucker, Tu Weiming, and others who were instrumental in establishing the Forum on Religion and Ecology-contributed to the broader discussion of “Confucian ecology,” identifying the ecological dimensions of self-cultivation and other ideas. However, the current literature does not articulate Korean perspectives clearly. This paper presents Yi T’oegye’s (李退溪 1501-1570) philosophy of reverence (ky?ng 敬) and its modem ecological implications. By covering his major essays and letters, biography, and nature poetry, it discusses the way in which this eminent Korean thinker developed a holistic system of ethics and spirituality’ in connection to Sung Chinese Neo-Confucians including Chu Hsi (朱熹 1130-1200). Central to T’ oegye’ s thought is his practice of reverence in cultivating sagely wisdom and fulfilling the human role in “forming one body with Heaven, Earth, and all things”; a Confucian life of ky?ng honors a solemn relationship with the natural world. I mention why this eco-spiritual experience is rooted in T’oegye’s deep love of nature and his interpretation of self-transcendence. I conclude this is a leading Korean resource for the depth of Confucian ecology and global environmental ethics, which can inspire Korea and the world community to strengthen our shared quest for a sustainable nature and a healthy global future. I also hope to shed some new light on T’oegye Studies and contribute to the 5th Keimyung International Conference on Korean Studies: “Ecology and Korean Confucianism.”
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