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Chen, Guohong,Bao, Wenbin,Shu, Jingting,Ji, Congliang,Wang, Minqiang,Eding, Herwin,Muchadeyi, Farai,Weigend, Steffen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.3
The genetic structure and diversity of 15 Chinese indigenous chicken breeds was investigated using 29 microsatellite markers. The total number of birds examined was 542, on average 36 birds per breed. A total of 277 alleles (mean number 9.55 alleles per locus, ranging from 2 to 25) was observed. All populations showed high levels of heterozygosity with the lowest estimate of 0.440 for the Gushi chickens, and the highest one of 0.644 observed for Wannan Three-yellow chickens. The global heterozygote deficit across all populations (FIT) amounted to 0.180 (p<0.001). About 16% of the total genetic variability originated from differences between breeds, with all loci contributing significantly to this differentiation. An unrooted consensus tree was constructed using the Neighbour-Joining method and pair-wise distances based on marker estimated kinships. Two main groups were found. The heavy-body type populations grouped together in one cluster while the light-body type populations formed the second cluster. The STRUCTURE software was used to assess genetic clustering of these chicken breeds. Similar to the phylogenetic analysis, the heavy-body type and light-body type populations separated first. Clustering analysis provided an accurate representation of the current genetic relations among the breeds. Remarkably similar breed rankings were obtained with all methods.
Edinger, Michael 이화여자대학교 통일학연구원 2008 통일학연구원 국제학술회의 : 초국가적 관점에서 본 체제전환 : 독일과 한국 Vol.2008 No.
German unification has paved the ground for an almost unique political experiment: the formation of a political elite in a post-communist society, yet within a consolidated democracy whose institutions and procedures were largely transferred to the Eastern parts of the unified country. The simultaneity of transformation (democratization and marketization) and unification structurally distinguishes the post-communist developments in East Germany from those elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe. Against this particular background the paper explores the pace, mode and consequences of elite change in unified Germany, or rather of the elite formation in the Eastern part of the country since the autumn revolution in 1989. It argues that elite circulation was both extensive and rapid and that it was spurred by the impact of the West German political parties. The availability of West German politicians led to a confined but substantial import of political elites - a phenomenon hardly visible in other post-communist countries. In an institutional setting largely developed along Western blueprints, elite integration has continued rather smoothly, despite some apparent divergence between East and West German elites. While horizontal integration has expanded, vertical integration is increasingly challenged, with fierce anti-elite rhetoric gaining ground in reaction to allegedly non-responsive and exclusive political elites. At the same time, the integration among the elites is not reflected in the public attitudes of East and West Germans. In the final section the paper, therefore, discusses the challenges to political elites in Germany some two decades after the fall of the Berlin wall. It also speculates about whether and to which extent German experiences can provide useful information or even lessons to be learned for other countries facing unification. The article is based on biographical and career data for East and West German MPs and ministers since unification. In addition, it makes use of attitudinal data from the two largest parliamentary surveys conducted in 2003 and 2007 by the Collaborative Research Centre 580.
C. Moore-Ede Martin 한국원자력산업회의 1987 원자력산업 Vol.7 No.10
오늘날 점점 더 많은 사람들이 밤샘을 하게 되었고 밤과 저녁 근무는 점점 더 보편화 돼 가고 있으며 낮근무만 하는 직장을 구하기가 점점 더 어려워지고 있다. 교대근무자들은 수면, 소화기능, 가족, 사회생활 등에 얽힌 문제점들을 어떻게 풀어나갈 것인가.
The Relation of Androgenetic Alopecia Severity with Epicardial Fat Thickness
( Emine Colgecen ),( Huseyin Ede ),( Mustafa Fatih Erkoc ),( Yurdanur Akyuz ),( Ali Riza Erbay ) 대한피부과학회 2016 Annals of Dermatology Vol.28 No.2
Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most commonly encountered baldness pattern in men. Epicardial fat tissue is found on the cardiac surface between the myocardium and visceral pericardium. Both AGA and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) are related to coronary artery disease, which is also reflected by an increase in carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of AGA severity with EFT. Methods: One hundred twenty-six male patients with AGA aged 18 to 55 years without histories of chronic disease were enrolled. Subjects were divided into three groups (mild, moderate, and severe) on the basis of the Hamilton baldness scale as modified by Norwood. Maximum EFT was measured at end-systole on the midventricular free wall of the right ventricle. CIMT was also recorded for all patients. Results: The groups did not have statistically significant differences with respect to age, height, weight, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, or left atrial diameter (p>0.05 for all comparisons), but the severe group had a higher EFT compared with the moderate (p<0.001; z score, .7.040) and mild groups (p<0.001; z score, .6.667). The moderate group also had higher EFT than the mild group (p<0.001; z score, .5.931). Mean CIMT value in the severe group was significantly higher compared with the value in the other groups. Conclusion: The study showed that subjects in advanced stages of AGA had increased EFT, which was measured via echocardiography.(Ann Dermatol 28(2) 205∼209, 2016)
Alastair Beaven,Adrian C. Gardner,David S. Marks,,Jwalant S. Mehta,Matthew Newton-Ede,,Jonathan B. Spilsbury 대한척추외과학회 2018 Asian Spine Journal Vol.12 No.5
Study Design: Retrospective observational study of a continuous series of 28 children. Purpose: To determine the mechanical failure rate in our cohort of children treated with magnetically controlled growth rods (MCGRs). Overview of Literature: Previous studies report a MCGR mechanical failure rate of 0%–75%. Methods: All patients with MCGR implantation between 2012 and 2015 were examined and followed up for a minimum of 2 years. A retrospective evaluation of contemporaneously documented clinical findings was conducted, and radiographs were retrospectively examined for mechanical failure. The external remote controller (ERC)-specified length achieved in the clinic was compared to the length measured on subsequent radiographs. Results: Fourteen mechanical failures were identified in 28 children (50%) across a total of 52 rods (24 pairs and four single constructs). Mechanical failures were due to: failure to lengthen under general anesthesia (seven children), actuator pin fracture (four), rod fracture (one), foundation screw failure (one), and ran out of rod length (one). Of the 14 mechanical failures, six were treated with final fusion operations (reflecting limited further growth potential), and eight patients were treated with the intention for further lengthening. We therefore consider these eight patients to represent the true incidence of mechanical failure in our cohort (29%). The difference between the ERC length and radiographic length was found to be identical in 11% cases; 35% were overestimates, and 54% were underestimates. The median underestimate was 2.45 mm whereas the median overestimate was 3.1 mm per distraction episode. In total, 95% of all ERC distractions were within ±10 mm of the radiographic length achieved over a median of nine distraction episodes. Conclusions: Our series is the most comprehensive MCGR series published to date, and we present a mechanical failure rate of 29%. Clinicians should be mindful of the discrepancies between ERC length and radiographic measurements of rod length; other modalities may be more helpful in this regard.