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Dirk Looschelders 한국민사법학회 2013 民事法學 Vol.65 No.-
Im deutschen Schuldrecht gibt es traditionell eine Vielzahl von Fallgruppen der Leistungsstörung, die früher mehr oder weniger unverbunden nebeneinander standen. Bei der Schuldrechtsreform von 2002hat der Gesetzgeber sich darum bemüht, alle Fälle der Leistungsstörung auf einen einheitlichen Grundtatbestand zurückzuführen, und zwar die Pflichtverletzung nach § 280 Abs. 1 BGB. Der Begriff der Pflichtverletzung umfasst jedes Leistungsergebnis oder Verhalten des Schuldners, das objektiv hinter dem Pflichtenprogramm zurückbleibt und damit nicht dem Schuldverhältnis entspricht. Der Schuldnerverzug und die Schlechtleistung fallen damit ebenso unter den Begriff der Pflichtverletzung wie die Verletzung vertraglicher und vorvertraglicher Schutzpflichten. Darüber hinaus wurden die Gewährleistungsrechte des Gläubigers im Kauf‐ und Werkvertragsrecht in das System des allgemeinen Leistungsstörungsrechts integriert. Probleme bereitet allerdings die Einordnung der Unmöglichkeit. Da der Anspruch des Gläubigers auf die primäre Leistung im Fall der Unmöglichkeit nach § 275 Abs. 1 BGB kraft Gesetzes ausgeschlossen ist, kann die Nichtleistung nur schwer als Pflichtverletzung verstanden werden. Solche terminologischen Schwierigkeiten hätten durch den Oberbegriff der „Nichterfüllung“vermieden werden können; dieser passt aber nicht auf Schutzpflichtverletzungen. Auch nach geltendem Recht lassen sich also nicht alle Fälle der Leistungsstörung auf einheitliche Tatbestandsmerkmale zurückführen. Es gibt aber drei Grundelemente: die objektive Pflichtverletzung, das subjektive Vertretenmüssen der Pflichtverletzung sowie die Unmöglichkeit der Leistung. Das Vertretenmüssen ist nur fürSchadensersatzansprüche relevant. Für den Rücktritt und den Ausschlussder Leistungspflicht wegen Unmöglichkeit kommt es hierauf dagegen nichtan.
Besessenheit und Inkorporation im koreanischen Hwanghaedo-Schamanismus
Dirk Schlottmann 계명대학교 국제학연구소 2015 국제학논총 Vol.23 No.-
The Cartesian view of the world influenced anthropological studies of ritual and spirituality. Spirit possession studies in particular suffer from this Western idiosyncrasy, because many anthropologists who write about possession argue that possession cults and rituals are “just” traditional performances for psychosomatic illness brought about by disharmonies in the social order. A spiritual reality, as perceived by the participants of religious rituals and shamans is in principle excluded. This reduction on psycho-social aspects of spirit possession ignores a "transcendent reality," where physical and spiritual experiences can be an expression of individual and culturally specific reality. In this article, I analyze the various anthropological perspectives on spirit possession and compare the epistemological approaches about “ritual reality” with the indigenous terminology for states of possession of Korean Hwanghaedo-shamans from Seoul. The Hwanghaedo tradition of Korean shaman is particularly ecstatic and the moments of spirit possession exist in many variations. For this reason, the analysis is focused on this tradition.
Globalisation, localisation and tourism
Dirk Reiser 세계문화관광학회 2007 Conference Proceedings Vol.8 No.0
Globalisation, localisation and tourism are processes that are closely interconnected. They relate to historical mobilities and non-mobilities of humans, ideas and capital that impact on environment, economy, culture, politics and technology. Yet, these impacts on local tourism destinations are not well researched. The paper develops an historical understanding of globalisation, localisation and tourism within the context of the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand. It portrays the globalisation processes, the specific mix of local and global forces that shaped the Otago Peninsula and created the basis for the current conditions, especially for tourism. The research on the Otago Peninsula clearly identifies different stages of mobilities to the place. In general, it follows a similar pattern to other places in New Zealand settled in the latest phase of colonialism. The first settlers, the Polynesians, were followed by white explorers, and sealers and whalers at the beginning of the 19th century who exploited a local resource that was valuable on international markets. After the over-exploitation of the resource white settlers arrived to 'conquer' nature and to improve on their living conditions in a new country. They provided the basis for the following mobilities by developing or facilitating a local, national, regional and international infrastructure. Towards the end of the 19th century the major European migration had ended. The next major mobility movement were recreationists from the close urban centre Dunedin who used the infrastructure on the Otago Peninsula on weekends as time, money and technology limited mobilities to places further away. From the 1920s onwards, when these limitations were reduced by for example a better infrastructure and new technological development such as the car and more disposable income and time, New Zealanders started to discover their country. Finally, international travellers started to arrive in the 1960s after the main obstacle, the distance and time needed to travel to New Zealand and the Otago Peninsula was reduced by technological development, especially airplanes. During all of these phases of mobilities, the Otago Peninsula became increasingly interconnected with other places on the globe, creating the conditions for tourism. In this study, within the context of the phase model of mobilities, a variety of research methods were used to assess the impact of globalisation, localisation and tourism on the Otago Peninsula. They include literature, newspaper, local promotional materials and photographic images analysis as well as participant observation, and historical interviews. The research clearly highlights the changes to the Otago Peninsula created by historical events that happened as a consequence of human mobility. Internal and external conditions at different geographical scales ranging from the local to the global changed the economy, the environment, culture, politics and the use of technology on the Otago Peninsula. The place was (and still is) constantly glocalised. Consequently, international tourism as one of the more recent forces has to be managed within this historical framework.
Dirk Bethmann,Michael Kvasnicka 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2022 Journal of Economic Development Vol.47 No.2
Women can bear own children or adopt them. Extending economic theories of fertility, we provide a first formal theoretical treatment of the demand for adoption. It is shown that the propensity to adopt a child increases in the degree of own altruism, infertility, relatedness and emotional attachment to the child, costs of own child birth, and any adoption-specific monetary return that is received net of the costs of adopting the child. Aggregate adoption statistics are broadly consistent with the predictions of our model.
Dirk Paulus,Jean-Francois Stumper,Peter Landsmann,Ralph Kennel 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5
A rotor position estimator for a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) is presented. The rotor position is directly calculated based on stator current measurements and voltage commands. For position information, two machine parameters are required, stator resistance and average inductance. The average inductance is estimated online as it is operation-point dependent. The two estimators are linearly independent and can be combined. The performance is demonstrated with experimental results.