소시민의 대항복 - 브레히트의 『 억척어멈과 그 자식들 』 에 관하여

( Klaus Detlef Müller ) 서울대학교 독일어문화권연구소 1999 독일어문화권연구 Vol.8 No.-

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Optical and microphysical properties of smoke over Cape Verde inferred from multiwavelength lidar measurements

TESCHE, MATTHIAS,MÜ,LLER, DETLEF,GROSS, SILKE,ANSMANN, ALBERT,ALTHAUSEN, DIETRICH,FREUDENTHALER, VOLKER,WEINZIERL, BERNADETT,VEIRA, ANDREAS,PETZOLD, ANDREAS Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorolog Vol.63 No.4

<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Lidar measurements of mixed dust/smoke plumes over the tropical Atlantic ocean were carried out during the winter campaign of SAMUM‐2 at Cape Verde. Profiles of backscatter and extinction coefficients, lidar ratios, and Ångström exponents related to pure biomass‐burning aerosol from southern West Africa were extracted from these observations. Furthermore, these findings were used as input for an inversion algorithm to retrieve microphysical properties of pure smoke. Seven measurement days were found suitable for the procedure of aerosol‐type separation and successive inversion of optical data that describe biomass‐burning smoke. We inferred high smoke lidar ratios of 87 ± 17 sr at 355 nm and 79 ± 17 sr at 532 nm. Smoke lidar ratios and Ångström exponents are higher compared to the ones for the dust/smoke mixture. These numbers indicate higher absorption and smaller sizes for pure smoke particles compared to the dust/smoke mixture. Inversion of the smoke data set results in mean effective radii of 0.22 ± 0.08 μm with individual results varying between 0.10 and 0.36 μm. The single‐scattering albedo for pure biomass‐burning smoke was found to vary between 0.63 and 0.89 with a very low mean value of 0.75 ± 0.07. This is in good agreement with findings of airborne in situ measurements which showed values of 0.77 ± 0.03. Effective radii from the inversion were similar to the ones found for the fine mode of the in situ size distributions.</P>

Vertical profiles of microphysical particle properties derived from inversion with two-dimensional regularization of multiwavelength Raman lidar data: experiment

Mü,ller, Detlef,Kolgotin, Alexei,Mattis, Ina,Petzold, Andreas,Stohl, Andreas The Optical Society 2011 Applied optics Vol.50 No.14

<P>Inversion with two-dimensional (2-D) regularization is a new methodology that can be used for the retrieval of profiles of microphysical properties, e.g., effective radius and complex refractive index of atmospheric particles from complete (or sections) of profiles of optical particle properties. The optical profiles are acquired with multiwavelength Raman lidar. Previous simulations with synthetic data have shown advantages in terms of retrieval accuracy compared to our so-called classical one-dimensional (1-D) regularization, which is a method mostly used in the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). The 1-D regularization suffers from flaws such as retrieval accuracy, speed, and ability for error analysis. In this contribution, we test for the first time the performance of the new 2-D regularization algorithm on the basis of experimental data. We measured with lidar an aged biomass-burning plume over West/Central Europe. For comparison, we use particle in situ data taken in the smoke plume during research aircraft flights upwind of the lidar. We find good agreement for effective radius and volume, surface-area, and number concentrations. The retrieved complex refractive index on average is lower than what we find from the in situ observations. Accordingly, the single-scattering albedo that we obtain from the inversion is higher than what we obtain from the aircraft data. In view of the difficult measurement situation, i.e., the large spatial and temporal distances between aircraft and lidar measurements, this test of our new inversion methodology is satisfactory.</P>

The Retrieval of the Asian Dust Depolarization Ratio in Korea with the Correction of the Polarization-Dependent Transmission

신성균,Detlef Müller,Y.J. Kim,Boyan Tatarov,신동호,Patric Seifert,노영민 한국기상학회 2013 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.49 No.1

The linear particle depolarization ratios were retrieved from the observation with a multiwavelength Raman lidar at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Korea (35.11oN, 126.54oE). The measurements were carried out in spring (March to May) 2011. The transmission ratio measurements were performed to solve problems of the depolarization-dependent transmission at a receiver of the lidar and applied to correct the retrieved depolarization ratio of Asian dust at first time in Korea. The analyzed data from the GIST multiwavelength Raman lidar were classified into three categories according to the linear particle depolarization ratios, which are pure Asian dust on 21 March, the intermediate case which means Asian dust mixed with urban pollution on 13 May, and haze case on 10 April. The measured transmission ratios were applied to these cases respectively. We found that the transmission ratio is needed to be used to retrieve the accurate depolarization ratio of Asian dust and also would be useful to distinguish the mixed dust particles between intermediate case and haze. The particle depolarization ratios of pure Asian dust were approximately 0.25 at 532 nm and 0.14 at 532 nm for the intermediate case. The linear particle depolarization ratios of pure Asian dust observed with the GIST multiwavelength Raman lidar were compared to the linear particle depolarization ratios of Saharan dust observed in Morocco and Asian dust observed both in Japan and China.

Depolarization Ratio Retrievals Using AERONET Sun Photometer Data

Kyung-Hwa Lee,Detlef Müller,노영민,신성균,Dong-Ho Shin 한국광학회 2010 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.14 No.3

We present linear particle depolarization ratios (LPDRs) retrieved from measurements with an AERONET Sun photometer at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Korea (35.10° N, 126.53° E) between 19 October and 3 November 2009. The Sun photometer data were classified into three categories according to Ångström exponent and size distribution: 1) pure Asian dust (19 October 2009), 2) Asian dust mixed with urban pollution observed in the period from 20-26 October 2009, and 3) clean conditions (3 November). We show that the LPDRs can be used to distinguish among Asian dust, mixed aerosol, and non-Asian dust in the atmosphere. The mean LPDR of the pure Asian dust case is 23 %. Mean LPDRs are 13 % for the mixed case. The lowest mean LPDR is 6 % in the clean case. We compare our results to vertically resolved LPDRs (at 532 nm) measured by a Raman LIDAR system at the same site. In most cases, we find good agreement between LPDRs derived with Sun photometer and measured by LIDAR.

Volcanic aerosol layers observed with multiwavelength Raman lidar over central Europe in 2008-2009

Mattis, Ina,Siefert, Patric,Mü,ller, Detlef,Tesche, Matthias,Hiebsch, Anja,Kanitz, Thomas,Schmidt, Jö,rg,Finger, Fanny,Wandinger, Ulla,Ansmann, Albert American Geophysical Union 2010 Journal of Geophysical Research Vol.115 No.d2

<P>In the framework of regular European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) observations, aerosol layers have been monitored with a multiwavelength aerosol Raman lidar in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over Leipzig (51.4 degrees N, 12.4 degrees E), Germany, since the summer of 2008. The origins of these layers are eruptions of different volcanoes on the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, Alaska, and on the Kuril Islands. FLEXPART transport simulations show that the volcanic aerosol is advected from Alaska to central Europe within about 7 days. The aerosol layers typically occurred in the upper troposphere above 5 km height and in the lower stratosphere below 25 km height. The optical depths of the volcanic aerosol layers are mostly between 0.004 and 0.025 at 532 nm. The wavelength dependence of the backscatter coefficients and extinction coefficients indicate Angstrom exponents from 1.0-2.0. Lidar ratios in the stratosphere are found in the range from 30-60 sr (355 nm) and 30-45 sr (532 nm). The estimation of the effective radius, surface-area, and mass concentrations of a volcanic aerosol layer, observed well within the stratosphere at end of August 2009, reveals values of 0.1-0.2 mu m, 5-10 mu m(2) cm(-3), and 0.3-0.5 mu g m(-3), respectively.</P>

Comparison of Optical and Microphysical Properties of Saharan Dust Inferred with Various Measurements

이경화,Detlef M?ller,Andreas Petzold 한국대기환경학회 2010 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.10월

SAMUM 2006 기간 동안의 Lidar와 Sun Photometer를 이용한 Saharan Dust의 관측 및 Data의 비교 분석

이경화,Detlef M?ller,노영민,신동호,조강남 한국대기환경학회 2010 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.5월

Depolarization ratios retrieved by AERONET sun-sky radiometer data and comparison to depolarization ratios measured with lidar

Noh, Youngmin,Mü,ller, Detlef,Lee, Kyunghwa,Kim, Kwanchul,Lee, Kwonho,Shimizu, Atsushi,Sano, Itaru,Park, Chan Bong Copernicus GmbH 2017 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.17 No.10

<P>Abstract. The linear particle depolarization ratios at 440, 675, 870, and 1020 nm were derived using data taken with the AERONET sun-sky radiometer at Seoul (37.45° N, 126.95° E), Kongju (36.47° N, 127.14° E), Gosan (33.29° N, 126.16° E), and Osaka (34.65° N, 135.59° E). The results are compared to the linear particle depolarization ratio measured by lidar at 532 nm. The correlation coefficient R2 between the linear particle depolarization ratio derived by AERONET data at 1020 nm and the linear particle depolarization ratio measured with lidar at 532 nm is 0.90, 0.92, 0.79, and 0.89 at Seoul, Kongju, Gosan, and Osaka, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the lidar-measured depolarization ratio at 532 nm and that retrieved by AERONET at 870 nm are 0.89, 0.92, 0.76, and 0.88 at Seoul, Kongju, Gosan, and Osaka, respectively. The correlation coefficients for the data taken at 675 nm are lower than the correlation coefficients at 870 and 1020 nm, respectively. Values are 0.81, 0.90, 0.64, and 0.81 at Seoul, Kongju, Gosan, and Osaka, respectively. The lowest correlation values are found for the AERONET-derived linear particle depolarization ratio at 440 nm, i.e., 0.38, 0.62, 0.26, and 0.28 at Seoul, Kongju, Gosan, and Osaka, respectively. We should expect a higher correlation between lidar-measured linear particle depolarization ratios at 532 nm and the ones derived from AERONET at 675 and 440 nm as the lidar wavelength is between the two AERONET wavelengths. We cannot currently explain why we find better correlation between lidar and AERONET linear particle depolarization ratios for the case that the AERONET wavelengths (675, 870, and 1020 nm) are significantly larger than the lidar measurement wavelength (532 nm). The linear particle depolarization ratio can be used as a parameter to obtain insight into the variation of optical and microphysical properties of dust when it is mixed with anthropogenic pollution particles. The single-scattering albedo increases with increasing measurement wavelength for low linear particle depolarization ratios, which indicates a high share of fine-mode anthropogenic pollution. In contrast, single-scattering albedo increases with increasing wavelength for high linear particle depolarization ratios, which indicated a high share of coarse-mode mineral dust particles. The retrieved volume particle size distributions are dominated by the fine-mode fraction if linear particle depolarization ratios are less than 0.15 at 532 nm. The fine-mode fraction of the size distributions decreases and the coarse-mode fraction of the size distribution increases for increasing linear particle depolarization ratio at 1020 nm. The dust ratio based on using the linear particle depolarization ratio derived from AERONET data is 0.12 to 0.17. These values are lower than the coarse-mode fraction derived from the volume concentrations of particle size distributions, in which case we can compute the coarse-mode fraction of dust. </P>

Lidar measurements of Raman scattering at ultraviolet wavelength from mineral dust over East Asia.

Tatarov, Boyan,Mü,ller, Detlef,Shin, Dong Ho,Shin, Sung Kyun,Mattis, Ina,Seifert, Patric,Noh, Young Min,Kim, Y J,Sugimoto, Nobuo Optical Society of America 2011 Optics express Vol.19 No.2

<P>We developed a novel measurement channel that utilizes Raman scattering from silicon dioxide (SiO₂) quartz at an ultraviolet wavelength (361 nm). The excitation of the Raman signals is done at the primary wavelength of 355 nm emitted from a lidar instrument. In combination with Raman signals from scattering from nitrogen molecules, we may infer the mineral-quartz-related backscatter coefficient. This technique thus allows us to identify in a comparably direct way the mineral quartz content in mixed pollution plumes that consist, e.g., of a mix of desert dust and urban pollution. We tested the channel for the complex situation of East Asian pollution. We find good agreement of the inferred mineral-quartz-related backscatter coefficient to results obtained with another mineral quartz channel which was operated at 546 nm (primary emission wavelength at 532 nm), the functionality of which has already been shown for a lidar system in Tsukuba (Japan). The advantage of the novel channel is that it provides a better signal-to-noise ratio because of the shorter measurement wavelength.</P>