中國 私立大學 營利에 關한 硏究

장덕강,주회민 원광대학교 대학원 2007 論文集 Vol.39 No.-

With the popularization of higher education in China, the private university, as a fresh troop has brought up a large number of talents for our society, and thus attracted more and more attentions from the government and various circles of the society. Private universities have made great contributions to the diversification of the managements of higher education. With the development of economy and the advent of the society, higher education, as a standard public product, has been highly valued and supported by the nation. In particular, private university education is paving a good way for the solution to the lack of funds in Chinese higher education. The chance for private university to make profits can help to increase the possibilities of active investments ineducation from companies, enterprises and individuals, to enlarge the scale of private education, and to achieve fairness and equality of education and finally to promote the prosperity of economy and stability of the society. The author in this article aims to demonstrate that in order to guarantee their education quality, private universities should improve their financial system, consult the management system of the businesses, adopt modernized teaching techniques and perfect teaching capacities of the professors, and thus it can exert a great influence on China.

Model Reference Robust Adaptive H∞ Controller Design

Qiang Zhang,De-Zhi Xu,Kang-Kang Zhang 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2017 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.15 No.4

In this paper, a novel model reference robust adaptive H∞ controller is designed, which not only guaranteesasymptotically stability, but also optimizes adaptive H∞ performance by estimating the optimal unknowncontrol parameters. Furthermore, a novel state feedback framework is introduced, which depends on the optimalunknown parameter estimations, to guarantee that the defined cost function is minimized. At the same time, theminimal adaptive H∞ performance index is obtained.

Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Primary Gallbladder Carcinoma: Estrogen Receptors

Zhang, Ling-Qiang,Zhang, Xiu-De,Xu, Jia,Wan, Yong,Qu, Kai,Zhang, Jing-Yao,Wang, Zhi-Xin,Wei, Ji-Chao,Meng, Fan-Di,Tai, Ming-Hui,Zhou, Lei,Liu, Chang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.4

Gallbladder carcinoma, the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract system, has always been considered to feature late clinical presentation and diagnosis, limited treatment options and an extremely poor prognosis. In recent years, while the incidence of gallbladder cancer has appeared to be on the increase, the available treatment methods have not greatly improved survival of the affected patients. Thus, exploring new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease is an urgent matter at present. Epidemical studies have demonstrated that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma exhibits a distinct gender bias, affecting females two to three times more than males, pointing to crucial roles of estrogen. It is well known that estrogen acts on target tissues by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), which are mainly divided into three subtypes, $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$ and $ER{\gamma}$. $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$ appear to have overlapping but also unique even opposite biological effects. As important pathogenic mediators, ERs have been considered to relate to several kinds of tumors. In gallbladder carcinoma tissue, ERs have been shown to be positively expressed, and ERs expression levels are associated with differentiation and prognosis of this cancer. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of estrogen inducing growth of gallbladder carcinoma remain poorly understood. On the base of the current investigations, we deduce that estrogen participates in promotion of gallbladder carcinoma by influencing the formation of gallstones, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting abnormal proliferation. Since ERs mediate the carcinogenic actions of estrogen in gallbladder, and therapy targeting ERs may provide new directions for gallbladder carcinoma. Therefore, it should be stressed that ERs are potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder carcinoma.

Development and Evaluation of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Using DNA Extracted from Soil

Zhi-Qiang Song,Ju-E Cheng,Fei-Xue Cheng,De-Yong Zhang,Yong Liu 한국식물병리학회 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.2

Tylenchulus semipenetrans is an important and widespreadplant-parasitic nematode of citrus worldwideand can cause citrus slow decline disease leading tosignificant reduction in tree growth and yield. Rapidand accurate detection of T. semipenetrans in soil isimportant for the disease forecasting and management. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) assay was developed to detect T. semipenetrans using DNA extracted from soil. A setof five primers was designed from the internal transcribedspacer region (ITS1) of rDNA, and was highlyspecific to T. semipenetrans. The LAMP reaction wasperformed at 63°C for 60 min. The LAMP productwas visualized directly in one reaction tube by addingSYBR Green I. The detection limit of the LAMP assaywas 10–2 J2/0.5 g of soil, which was 10 times moresensitive than conventional PCR (10–1 J2/0.5 g of soil). Examination of 24 field soil samples revealed that theLAMP assay was applicable to a range of soils infestednaturally with T. semipenetrans, and the total assaytime was less than 2.5 h. These results indicated thatthe developed LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive,specific and accurate technique for detection of T. semipenetrans in field soil, and contributes to the effectivemanagement of citrus slow decline disease.

Development and Evaluation of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Using DNA Extracted from Soil

Song, Zhi-Qiang,Cheng, Ju-E,Cheng, Fei-Xue,Zhang, De-Yong,Liu, Yong The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.2

Tylenchulus semipenetrans is an important and widespread plant-parasitic nematode of citrus worldwide and can cause citrus slow decline disease leading to significant reduction in tree growth and yield. Rapid and accurate detection of T. semipenetrans in soil is important for the disease forecasting and management. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to detect T. semipenetrans using DNA extracted from soil. A set of five primers was designed from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of rDNA, and was highly specific to T. semipenetrans. The LAMP reaction was performed at $63^{\circ}C$ for 60 min. The LAMP product was visualized directly in one reaction tube by adding SYBR Green I. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was $10^{-2}J2/0.5g$ of soil, which was 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR ($10^{-1}J2/0.5g$ of soil). Examination of 24 field soil samples revealed that the LAMP assay was applicable to a range of soils infested naturally with T. semipenetrans, and the total assay time was less than 2.5 h. These results indicated that the developed LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate technique for detection of T. semipenetrans in field soil, and contributes to the effective management of citrus slow decline disease.

S100A4 Gene is Crucial for Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice

Yin-Hua Zhang,De-Ping Ding,De-Qiang Ma,Juan Li,Lin-Li Chen,Kang-Jian Ao,You-You Tian 연세대학교의과대학 2018 Yonsei medical journal Vol.59 No.9

Purpose: To explore the influence of S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) knockout (KO) on methionine-choline-deficient(MCD) diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. Materials and Methods: S100A4 KO mice (n=20) and their wild-type (WT) counterparts (n=20) were randomly divided into KO/MCD, Ko/methionine-choline-sufficient (MCS), WT/MCD, and WT/MCS groups. After 8 weeks of feeding, blood lipid and liverfunction-related indexes were measured. HE, Oil Red O, and Masson stainings were used to observe the changes of liver histopathology. Additionally, expressions of S100A4 and proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines were detected by qRT-PCR andWestern blot, while hepatocyte apoptosis was revealed by TUNEL staining. Results: Serum levels of aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, and total cholesterol in mice were increasedafter 8-week MCD feeding, and hepatocytes performed varying balloon-like changes with increased inflammatory cell infiltrationand collagen fibers; however, these effects were improved in mice of KO/MCD group. Meanwhile, total NAFLD activity scoresand fibrosis were lower compared to WT+MCD group. Compared to WT/MCS group, S100A4 expression in liver tissue of WT/MCD group was enhanced. The expression of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and profibrogenic cytokines (TGF-β1, COL1A1,α-SMA) in MCD-induced NAFLD mice were increased, as well as apoptotic index (AI). For MCD group, the expressions ofproinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines and AI in KO mice were lower than those of WT mice. Conclusion: S100A4 was detected to be upregulated in NAFLD, while S100A4 KO alleviated liver fibrosis and inflammation, inaddition to inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis.

A Unifi ed Theory for Distortion Analysis of Thin-Walled Hollow Sections

Xun Xu,Huawen Ye,De-Yi Zhang,Shizhong Qiang 한국강구조학회 2019 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.19 No.3

A novel unifi ed theory for distortion analysis of thin-walled hollow section has been proposed based on the Hellinger– Reissner variational principle to account for distortional shear deformation eff ects. Based on the proposed theory, a fi nite segment model has been developed and the method for determining the distortion functions of the cross-section has been proposed. The rationality of approaches for determining distortional shear stress has been analysed and it is concluded that Bredt’s pure distortion does not exist in the single-cell hollow section. Comparisons and analyses have been performed between the proposed theoretical model and the existing four groups of theories in distortion analysis of thin-walled hollow section. Eff ects of distortional warping shear stress on the shear deformation has been investigated and the results indicate that the distortional shear deformation eff ect results in a decrease of the distortional warping stresses and shear stresses but an increase of the transverse bending stresses. The numerical study indicates that the distortional shear deformation eff ects can be ignored and the fi rst derivative of the distortion angle can be employed as the distortional warping function for the conventional hollow sections of bridge structures.

Adjoint inversion of Chinese non-methane volatile organic compound emissions using space-based observations of formaldehyde and glyoxal

Cao, Hansen,Fu, Tzung-May,Zhang, Lin,Henze, Daven K.,Miller, Christopher Chan,Lerot, Christophe,Abad, Gonzalo Gonzá,lez,De Smedt, Isabelle,Zhang, Qiang,van Roozendael, Michel,Hendrick, Fran&cced Copernicus GmbH 2018 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.18 No.20

<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> We used the GEOS-Chem model and its adjoint to quantify Chinese non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions for the year 2007, using the tropospheric column concentrations of formaldehyde and glyoxal observed by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2A (GOME-2A) instrument and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) as quantitative constraints. We conducted a series of inversion experiments using different combinations of satellite observations to explore their impacts on the top-down emission estimates. Our top-down estimates for Chinese annual total NMVOC emissions were 30.7 to 49.5 (average 41.9) Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span>, including 16.4 to 23.6 (average 20.2) Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span> from anthropogenic sources, 12.2 to 22.8 (average 19.2) Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span> from biogenic sources, and 2.08 to 3.13 (average 2.48) Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span> from biomass burning. In comparison, the a priori estimate for Chinese annual total NMVOC emissions was 38.3<span class='thinspace'></span>Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span>, including 18.8<span class='thinspace'></span>Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span> from anthropogenic sources, 17.3<span class='thinspace'></span>Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span> from biogenic sources, and 2.27<span class='thinspace'></span>Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span> from biomass burning. The simultaneous use of glyoxal and formaldehyde observations helped distinguish the NMVOC species from different sources and was essential in constraining anthropogenic emissions. Our four inversion experiments consistently showed that the Chinese anthropogenic emissions of NMVOC precursors of glyoxal were larger than the a priori estimates. Our top-down estimates for Chinese annual emission of anthropogenic aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene) ranged from 5.5 to 7.9<span class='thinspace'></span>Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹</span>, 2<span class='thinspace'></span>% to 46<span class='thinspace'></span>% larger than the estimate of the a priori emission inventory (5.4<span class='thinspace'></span>Tg<span class='thinspace'></span>yr<span class='inline-formula'>⁻¹)</span>. Three out of our four inversion experiments indicated that the seasonal variation in Chinese NMVOC emissions was significantly stronger than indicated in the a priori inventory. Model simulations driven by the average of our top-down NMVOC emission estimates (which had a stronger seasonal variation than the a priori) showed that surface afternoon ozone concentrations over eastern China increased by 1-8<span class='thinspace'></span>ppb in June and decreased by 1-10<span class='thinspace'></span>ppb in December relative to the simulations using the a priori emissions and were in better agreement with measurements. We concluded that the satellite observations of formaldehyde and glyoxal together provided quantitative constraints on the emissions and source types of NMVOCs over China and improved our understanding on regional chemistry.</p> </P>

Quantification of Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Characteristics in a Dominant Subtropical Evergreen Forest Ecosystem

Yue-Lin Li,Guo-Yi Zhou,De-Qiang Zhang,Katherine Owen Wenigmann,Dennis Otieno,John Tenhunen,Qian-Mei Zhang,Jun-Hua Yan 한국기상학회 2012 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.48 No.1

CO2 fluxes were measured continuously for three years (2003-2005) using the eddy covariance technique for the canopy layer with a height of 27 m above the ground in a dominant subtropical evergreen forest in Dinghushan, South China. By applying gapfilling methods, we quantified the different components of the carbon fluxes (net ecosystem exchange (NEE)), gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) in order to assess the effects of meteorological variables on these fluxes and the atmospherecanopy interactions on the forest carbon cycle. Our results showed that monthly average daily maximum net CO2 exchange of the whole ecosystem varied from −3.79 to −14.24 μmol m−2 s−1 and was linearly related to photosynthetic active radiation. The Dinghushan forest acted as a net carbon sink of −488 g C m−2 y−1, with a GPP of 1448 g Cm−2 y−1, and a Reco of 961 g C m−2 y−1.Using a carboxylase-based model, we compared the predicted fluxes of CO2 with measurements. GPP was modelled as 1443 g C m−2 y−1, and the model inversion results helped to explain ca. 90% of temporal variability of the measured ecosystem fluxes. Contribution of CO2 fluxes in the subtropical forest in the dry season (October-March) was 62.2% of the annual total from the whole forest ecosystem. On average, 43.3%of the net annual carbon sink occurred between October and December, indicating that this time period is an important stage for uptake of CO2 by the forest ecosystem from the atmosphere. Carbon uptake in the evergreen forest ecosystem is an indicator of the interaction of between the atmosphere and the canopy, especially in terms of driving climate factors such as temperature and rainfall events. We found that the Dinghushan evergreen forest is acting as a carbon sink almost year-round. The study can improve the evaluation of the net carbon uptake of tropical monsoon evergreen forest ecosystem in south China region under climate change conditions.

Antioxidant activity of ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest with different growing years

Hong-Yan Pan,Yang Qu,Jian-Kui Zhang,Ting-Guo Kang,De-Qiang Dou 고려인삼학회 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.3

Ginseng cultivated and grown naturally under mountainous forest is formally called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS) and grown in manual condition is called garden ginseng (GG) according to Chinese pharmacopoeia (2010 edition). Usually the growing condition of LXSS is similar to wild ginseng and mostly used in Chinese folks in ancient times. The antioxidant properties of LXSS with different growing years were evaluated by their inhibitions of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBA-RS) formation in liver homogenate and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity comparing with those of GG. The inhibitions of different polar extracts (n-butanol and water) of LXSS and GG on TBA-RS formation were also evaluated. The results showed that the antioxidant effects of LXSS were higher than those of GG and the TBARS formation inhibition of LXSS with longer growing years were stronger than those with shorter growing years, while the DPPH-radical scavenging activity of LXSS did not show significant difference with the change of the growing year. The results indicated that the inhibitory effect of TBA-RS formation and the DPPH-radical scavenging of LXSS were correlated with the contents of ginsenosides. In adddition, the starch contents of LXSS and GG were determined by micro-amount method with spectrophotometer. It showed that the starch content in GG was higher than that of LXSS whose starch decreased gradually with the growing year.