The World' Longest Lava Tube Caves: Third Revision

Crawford, R.L. The Speleological Society 1996 Journal of the speleological society of korea Vol.4 No.1

Since lava tube caves began to be mapped in large numbers, numerous claims to possession of the world's longest have been advanced by caverns from various countries. Among the caves for which this distinction has been claimed are Ape Cave, washington (halliday, 1962); the Cueva de los Verdes, Canary Islands (Montoriol and de Mier, 1969); the Cueva del Viento, Canary Islands (Montoriol and de Mier, 1974); Kazumura Cave, Hawaii (Gagne and Howarth, 1975); Leviathan Cave, Kenya (Simon, 1976); Man Jang Gul, South Korea (Anon., 1981); and Bilemot Gul, South Korea (Ogawa, 1982).(omitted)

Tobacco-Related Chronic Illnesses: A Public Health Concern for Jamaica

Crawford, Tazhmoye V.,McGrowder, Donovan A.,Barnett, Jasper D.,McGaw, Barbara A.,McKenzie, Irving F.,James, Leslie G. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.9

Background: Tobacco use is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases. The objectives of the study were to determine the percentage of annual income used to purchase tobacco-related products and treat tobacco-related illnesses, and assess the characteristics of smokers and their awareness of the health-related risks of smoking. Method: Stratified and snowball sampling methods were used to obtain information (via a 17-item, close-ended questionnaire) from 85 adult respondents (49 males and 36 females). The instrument comprised of demographic characteristics, smoking behavioural/lifestyle, health, and micro socio-economics. Results: There were no significant differences between individuals who were affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) (14.1%) and cardiovascular disease (18.8%). It was found that respondents spend 30-39% of their annual income on tobacco-related products. Forty percent (40.0%) and 41.7% of respondents with lung cancer and COPD respectively spend more than 50% of their annual income to treat these diseases. The majority (80%) of those who continues to consume tobacco-related products were uncertain as to why they were doing it. Not all the smokers were aware of the dangers of tobacco consumption despite their level of education. Conclusion: The majority of the respondents who had tobacco-related illnesses such as lung cancer and COPD spend a significant amount of their income on their health care. Not all the smokers were aware of the dangers of tobacco consumption despite their level of education. This suggests the need for increase public awareness where both smokers and non smokers are being fully or adequately informed about the dangers or health risks of tobacco consumption.

Recent Advances in Sheep Genome Mapping

Crawford, A.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.7

The rapid development of the sheep genetic linkage map over the last five years has given us the ability to follow the inheritance of chromosomal regions. Initially this powerful resource was used to find markers linked to monogenic traits but there is now increasing interest in using the genetic linkage map to define the complex of genes that control multigenic production traits. Of particular interest are those production traits that are difficult to measure and select for using classical quantitative genetic approaches. These include resistance to disease where a disease challenge (necessary for selection) poses too much risk to valuable stud animals and meat and carcass qualities which can be measured only after the animal has been slaughtered. The goal for the new millennium will be to fully characterise the genetic basis of multigenic production traits. The genetic linkage map is a vital tool required to achieve this.

Potential Enhancements for Business Performance through Franchising: The Case of Coffee in Vietnam

( Elizabeth Crawford Spencer ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2011 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.7 No.-

Drawing together themes from commodities trade, franchising and corporate governance, this paper has two principal objectives. The first is to describe the relationship between franchising and competiveness in commodities markets, specifically coffee in Vietnam. This paper explains the potential for franchising to reinforce the country`s competitive position in the production of coffee. It briefly defines franchising and outlines motivations for the choice of this business form, as well as conditions for the success of franchising in Vietnam. Franchising as a business model is well-suited to help to address challenges that face the coffee industry in Vietnam for several reasons: it offers a means of effective and widespread distribution, supports awareness and strength of the brand, and has been recognised in developing and transition economies in the promotion of best practice in business management. These same principles may be applicable to a range of commodities in other countries such as, for example, fair trade olive oil from Palestine. The second objective of this paper is to underscore the importance of good corporate governance to franchising and so to its contribution to developing economies. While the continued success of franchising relies on a well-tuned regulatory framework and on good corporate governance, at the same time, due to its emphasis on the sharing of a franchisor`s intellectual property and business practices, franchising can help ensure adoption of best practice in commercial enterprise of transition economies.

Errata for ``Posinormal terraced matrices"

H. Crawford Rhaly Jr. 대한수학회 2018 대한수학회보 Vol.55 No.2

Corrections are made for some examples following Theorem $2.2$ in {\it Posinormal terraced matrices}, Bull. Korean Math. Soc. {\bf 46} (2009), no. 1, 117--123.

Re-visiting Hiroshima: The Role of US and Japanese History Textbooks in the Construction of National Memory

Keith Crawford 서울대학교 교육연구소 2003 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.4 No.2

Teaching and Research in International Law in Australia

James Crawford 대한국제법학회 1984 國際法學會論叢 Vol.29 No.2

Ten Founding Principles of Advanced Climate Data Services by KMA

Ken Crawford,K. L. Kim,B. H. Song 한국기상학회 2011 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2011 No.10-2

Posinormal terraced matrices

H. Crawford Rhaly, Jr. 대한수학회 2009 대한수학회보 Vol.46 No.1

This paper is a study of some properties of a collection of bounded linear operators resulting from terraced matrices M acting through multiplication on ℓ^2; the term terraced matrix refers to a lower triangular infinite matrix with constant row segments. Sufficient conditions are found for M to be posinormal, meaning that MM^*=M^*PM for some positive operator P on ℓ^2; these conditions lead to new sufficient conditions for the hyponormality of M. Sufficient conditions are also found for the adjoint M^* to be posinormal, and it is observed that, unless M is essentially trivial, M^* cannot be hyponormal. A few examples are considered that exhibit special behavior.

The Influence of Tillage Frequency on Crop Productivity in Sub-Tropical to Semi-Arid Climates

MH Crawford,K Bell,S Kodur,YP Dang 한국작물학회 2018 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.21 No.1

Strategic tillage (ST), an occasional tillage in a continuous no-till (NT) farming system, is already being utilized by many landholders in the Northern Grains Region (NGR) of Australia to control weeds. But the impact on productivity (yield), both short- and long-term, has been largely under investigated. This study focused on yield data from 14 on-farm ST in NT experiments from 2012 to 2014 (3 years/4 seasons) and the comparison of the re-interpreted results of a long-term (27 years) tillage experiment. This study explored production impacts of tillage on long-term NT systems over the short and longer term. Results from tillage-frequency studies across the NGR demonstrated that overall grain yield was not significantly impacted. A long-term tillage trial at Biloela showed wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain yields were similar across no till, stubble mulch and reduced tillage treatments, these in turn were all significantly higher than aggressive tillage without stubble retention treatments. Dealing with increased herbicide resistance often associated with reduced tillage and no-till systems poses a real time issue with landholders in the NGR. This analysis of historical yield data together with the more recent strategic tillage data can aid in selecting the appropriate soil management option by providing tillage impacts on yield.