Characterization of a Neutron Beam Following Reconfiguration of the Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD) Core and Addition of New Fuel Elements

Craft, Aaron E.,Hilton, Bruce A.,Papaioannou, Glen C. Korean Nuclear Society 2016 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.48 No.1

The neutron radiography reactor (NRAD) is a 250 kW Mark-II Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics (TRIGA) reactor at Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA. The East Radiography Station (ERS) is one of two neutron beams at the NRAD used for neutron radiography, which sits beneath a large hot cell and is primarily used for neutron radiography of highly radioactive objects. Additional fuel elements were added to the NRAD core in 2013 to increase the excess reactivity of the reactor, and may have changed some characteristics of the neutron beamline. This report discusses characterization of the neutron beamline following the addition of fuel to the NRAD. This work includes determination of the facility category according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, and also uses an array of gold foils to determine the neutron beam flux and evaluate the neutron beam profile. The NRAD ERS neutron beam is a Category I neutron radiography facility, the highest possible quality level according to the ASTM. Gold foil activation experiments show that the average neutron flux with length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) = 125 is $5.96{\times}10^6n/cm^2/s$ with a $2{\sigma}$ standard error of $2.90{\times}10^5n/cm^2/s$. The neutron beam profile can be considered flat for qualitative neutron radiographic evaluation purposes. However, the neutron beam profile should be taken into account for quantitative evaluation.

Bouncing back: The role of resilience in therapy for school-aged children who stutter

Courtney Leigh Craft,Brent Andrew Gregg 한국언어재활사협회 2019 Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders Vol.4 No.3

Purpose: Recent investigations into the area of resilience have applied a risk-and-protective factor model, allowing for the identification of risks, while also identifying positive contextual, social, and individual factors that facilitate individual resilience (Zimmerman, Stoddard, Eisman, Caldwell, Aiyer, and Miller, 2013). Adolescents who stutter are at risk for poor social-emotional development due to adverse speaking experiences and subsequent emotional responses from stuttering. The primary purpose of this pilot investigation was to examine the impact of a specialized group fluency program on promoting resiliency in adolescents who stutter. The secondary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience and overall impact of stuttering. Methods: Five adolescents who stutter ranging from ages 9–17 participated in an 8-week group fluency program, which aimed to increase resiliency by targeting three protective factors known to promote resiliency: self efficacy, social functioning, and peer support. To measure the change in resiliency following intervention, participants completed the The Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) preceding and following intervention. The correlation between resiliency and the overall impact of stuttering was evaluated through post-test analyses of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES) and CYRM-28 scores. Results: Results indicated a statistically significant increase in resilience and a moderate negative correlation between the CYRM-28 and OASES. Conclusions: These findings suggest that participation in a specialized, group intervention program can enhance resilience in adolescents who stutter and, consequently, decrease the overall impact of stuttering in their lives.

Characterization of a Neutron Beam Following Reconfi guration of the Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD) Core and Addition of New Fuel Elements

Aaron E. Craft,Bruce A. Hilton,C. Papaioannou 한국원자력학회 2016 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.48 No.1

The neutron radiography reactor (NRAD) is a 250 kW Mark-II Training, Research, Isotopes,General Atomics (TRIGA) reactor at Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA. TheEast Radiography Station (ERS) is one of two neutron beams at the NRAD used for neutronradiography, which sits beneath a large hot cell and is primarily used for neutron radiographyof highly radioactive objects. Additional fuel elements were added to the NRAD corein 2013 to increase the excess reactivity of the reactor, and may have changed somecharacteristics of the neutron beamline. This report discusses characterization of theneutron beamline following the addition of fuel to the NRAD. This work includes determinationof the facility category according to the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) standards, and also uses an array of gold foils to determine the neutronbeam flux and evaluate the neutron beam profile. The NRAD ERS neutron beam is aCategory I neutron radiography facility, the highest possible quality level according tothe ASTM. Gold foil activation experiments show that the average neutron flux withlength-to-diameter ratio (L/D) = 125 is 5.96 × 106 n/cm2/s with a 2s standard error of 2.90 × 105 n/cm2/s. The neutron beam profile can be considered flat for qualitative neutronradiographic evaluation purposes. However, the neutron beam profile should be taken intoaccount for quantitative evaluation.

캠던 다락방

크래프트 디자인(Craft Design) 현대건축사 2013 (월간)Maru Vol.- No.140

Evaluation of student perceptions with 2 interprofessional assessment tools—the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale—following didactic and clinical learning experiences i

Vincent Dennis,Melissa Craft,Dale Bratzler,Melody Yozzo,Denise Bender,Christi Barbee,Stephen Neely,Margaret Robinson 한국보건의료인국가시험원 2019 보건의료교육평가 Vol.16 No.-

Purpose: This study investigated changes in students’ attitudes using 2 validated interprofessional survey instruments—the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning (CHIRP) instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale (IPAS)—before and after didactic and clinical cohorts. Methods: Students from 7 colleges/schools participated in didactic and clinical cohorts during the 2017–2018 year. Didactic cohorts experienced 2 interactive sessions 6 months apart, while clinical cohorts experienced 4 outpatient clinical sessions once monthly. For the baseline and post-cohort assessments, 865 students were randomly assigned to complete either the 14-item CHIRP or the 27-item IPAS. The Pittman test using permutations of linear ranks was used to determine differences in the score distribution between the baseline and post-cohort assessments. Pooled results were compared for the CHIRP total score and the IPAS total and subdomain scores. For each score, 3 comparisons were made simultaneously: overall baseline versus post-didactic cohort, overall baseline versus post-clinical cohort, and post-didactic cohort versus post-clinical cohort. Alpha was adjusted to 0.0167 to account for simultaneous comparisons. Results: The baseline and post-cohort survey response rates were 62.4% and 65.9% for CHIRP and 58.7% and 58.1% for IPAS, respectively. The post-clinical cohort scores for the IPAS subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities were significantly higher than the baseline and post-didactic cohort scores. No differences were seen for the remaining IPAS subdomain scores or the CHIRP instrument total score. Conclusion: The IPAS instrument may discern changes in student attitudes in the subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities following short-term clinical experiences involving diverse interprofessional team members.

Mechanical properties of cellulose electro-active paper under different environmental conditions

Kim, Heung Soo,Kim, Jaehwan,Jung, Woochul,Ampofo, Joshua,Craft, William,Sankar, Jagannathan Institute of Physics Publishing 2008 Smart materials & structures Vol.17 No.1

<P>The mechanical properties of cellulose-based electro-active paper (EAPap) are investigated under various environmental conditions. Cellulose EAPap has been discovered as a smart material that can be used as both sensor and actuator. Its advantages include low voltage operation, light weight, low power consumption, biodegradability and low cost. EAPap is made with cellulose paper coated with thin electrodes. EAPap shows a reversible and reproducible bending movement as well as longitudinal displacement under an electric field. However, EAPap is a complex anisotropic material which has not been fully characterized. This study investigates the mechanical properties of cellulose-based EAPap, including Young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength and creep, along with orientation directions, humidity and temperature levels. To test the materials in different humidity and temperature levels, a special material testing system was made that can control the testing environmental conditions. The initial Young’s modulus of EAPap is in the range of 4–9 GPa, which was higher than that of other polymer materials. Also, the Young’s modulus is orientation dependent, which may be associated with the piezoelectricity of EAPap materials. The elastic strength and stiffness gradually decreased when the humidity and temperature were increased. Creep and relaxation were observed under constant stress and strain, respectively. Through scanning electron microscopy, EAPap is shown to exhibit both layered and oriented cellulose macromolecular structures that impact both the elastic and plastic behavior.</P>

새 교육과정에 입거한 국민학교 미술과(공예) 학습지도법에 관한 소고

안종호 공주교육대학교 초등연구원 1975 公州敎大論叢 Vol.12 No.1

.

Extracellular Stress and Lipopolysaccharide Modulate Acinetobacter baumannii Surface-Associated Motility

Christin N. McQueary,Benjamin C. Kirkup,Yuanzheng Si,Miriam Barlow,Luis A. Actis,David W. Craft,Daniel V. Zurawski 한국미생물학회 2012 The journal of microbiology Vol.50 No.3

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial bacterial pathogen, and infections attributed to this species are further complicated by a remarkable ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance genes and to survive in a desiccated state. While the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of A. baumannii is well-documented, less is known about the virulence attributes of this organism. Recent studies reported A. baumannii strains display a motility phenotype, which appears to be partially dependent upon Type IV pili, autoinducer molecules, and the response to blue light. In this study, we wanted to determine the prevalence of this trait in genetically diverse clinical isolates, and any additional required factors, and environmental cues that regulate motility. When strains are subjected to a wide array of stress conditions, A. baumannii motility is significantly reduced. In contrast, when extracellular iron is provided or salinity is reduced, motility is significantly enhanced. We further investigated whether the genes required for the production of lipopolysaccharide (lpsB) and K1 capsule (epsA/ptk) are required for motility as demonstrated in other Gram-negative bacteria. Transposon mutagenesis resulted in reduced motility by the insertion derivatives of each of these genes. The presence of the parental allele provided in trans, in the insertion mutant background, could only restore motility in the lpsB mutant. The production of core LPS directly contributes to the motility phenotype, while capsular polysaccharide may have an indirect effect. Further, the data suggest motility is regulated by extracellular conditions, indicating that A. baumannii is actively sensing the environment and responding accordingly.

Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Shah, Kamini,Lee, Won-Woo,Lee, Seung-Hyun,Kim, Sang Hyun,Kang, Seong Wook,Craft, Joe,Kang, Insoo BioMed Central 2010 ARTHRITIS RESEARCH AND THERAPY Vol.12 No.2

<P><B>Introduction</B></P><P>Interleukin (IL)-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced largely by a unique CD4<SUP>+ </SUP>T-helper (Th) subset called Th17 cells. The development of Th17 cells is suppressed by interferon (IFN)-γ produced by Th1 cells, suggesting cross-regulation between Th17 and Th1 cells. Thus, this study analyzed the balance of CD4<SUP>+ </SUP>Th17 and Th1 cell responses in peripheral blood from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy subjects.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Twenty-five adult patients with SLE and 26 healthy subjects matched for gender and age (± 2 years) were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients and healthy subjects were stimulated for 4 h <I>ex vivo </I>with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. The frequency of CD4<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells producing IL-17 and/or IFN-γ was measured by using flow cytometry. Expression of Th17-associated chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR6 on CD4<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells as well as plasma levels of Th17-polarizing cytokines were assessed. Disease activity was evaluated by the SLE disease activity index score (SLEDAI). Unpaired <I>t </I>test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analyses.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Patients with SLE had an increased frequency of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>IL-17<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells compared with healthy subjects. However, the frequency of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>IFN-γ<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells was similar between the two groups, indicating an altered balance of Th17 and Th1 cell responses in SLE. Patients with SLE also had an increased frequency of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CCR4<SUP>+</SUP>CCR6<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells that are known to produce IL-17. The frequency of CD4<SUP>+</SUP>IL-17<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells and CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CCR4<SUP>+</SUP>CCR6<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells correlated with disease activity. In measuring plasma levels of the Th17-polarizing cytokines, levels of IL-6 were higher in patients with SLE than in healthy subjects, although levels of IL-1β, IL-21, IL-23, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were not different between the two groups.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>We demonstrate an enhanced Th17 cell response that correlates with disease activity in patients with SLE, suggesting a role for IL-17 in the pathogenesis of lupus. Our data indicate that the mechanisms involved in balancing Th1 and Th17 regulation, as well as in producing IL-6, are aberrant in SLE, leading to an increased Th17 response. We suggest that CCR4 and CCR6 expression on CD4<SUP>+ </SUP>T cells should be considered as markers of disease activity, and that IL-17 blocking may offer a therapeutic target in SLE.</P>

IL-7R low memory CD8+ T cells are significantly elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Kim, J.-S.,Cho, B.-A.,Sim, J. H.,Shah, K.,Woo, C. M.,Lee, E. B.,Lee, D.-S.,Kang, J. S.,Lee, W. J.,Park, C.-G.,Craft, J.,Kang, I.,Kim, H.-R. Oxford University Press 2012 Rheumatology Vol.51 No.9