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The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño
Collins, Mat,An, Soon-Il,Cai, Wenju,Ganachaud, Alexandre,Guilyardi, Eric,Jin, Fei-Fei,Jochum, Markus,Lengaigne, Matthieu,Power, Scott,Timmermann, Axel,Vecchi, Gabe,Wittenberg, Andrew Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2010 Nature geoscience Vol.3 No.6
( Collins Wakholi ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1
Tetrazolium (TZ) test is one of the most reliable and widely used method in research to determine seed viability. The TZ test is able approximate seed viability through determining whether a seed’s tissue is still biochemically active or not. Despite the accurate prediction of viability by germination tests, the TZ test is preferred because it is relatively quick compared to germination tests that take anywhere between days to weeks to acquire results. The objective of this study was to compare the TZ test with germination tests (proved to give a realistic picture of seed viability) results using Short wave infrared, SWIR Hyperspectral imaging, HIS data and multivariate data analysis. For this study, damage-free melon (cucumis melo) seeds were used and were randomly divided into two groups of 1000 seeds each. Hyperspectral imaging data of both groups were collected using the same settings and under same environment. One group was subjected to germination tests while the other to TZ test to determine the viability of the seeds. The performance of the multivariate classification models achieved based on germination tests and TZ test results were compared. A clear difference in the classification model performances for germination and TZ test based models were observed. The results of this study serve as a key foundation in the development of a real-time sorting system based on HSI for melon seeds.
THE MILITARY BALANCE BETWEEN SUPERPOWERS IN THE FAR EAST: A STUDY IN CONSTRAINTS
Collins, John M. The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam Uni 1978 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.2 No.2
The U.S./Soviet military balance in Central Europe is easy to calculate. Threats to U.S and allied interests are credible and clean cut. Soviet armed services and key associates are clearly converting to offensive capabilities that match stated concepts. Capacities for surprise attacks are increasing in that continental cockpit, which is well suited for massed combat power, a Soviet specialty.
( Collins Wakholi ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2017 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.22 No.2
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a powerful technique in non-destructive quality and safety inspection in the food industry. This is attributed to its ability to simultaneously detect the composition (chemical, structural and functional information) and distribution of particular traits in a given sample. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology has been successfully employed in the non-destructive determination of internal quality parameters of seeds with a promise of revolutionizing industrial sorting applications. Despite the limitations, this study focuses on employing short wave-infrared (SWIR) HSI to predict the true viability of seedless water melon (citrullus lanatus) seeds. For this study, data from 1248 damage-free seeds were taken using a SWIR HSI camera (wave range 1000~2500 nm). Afterwards, the seeds were subjected to germination tests to determine their real viability. The data were modeled using multivariate data analysis methods (partial-least square discriminant analysis, PLS-DA and support vector machines, SVM) to optimally discriminate viable from non-viable seeds. Model building was done using 70% of the data, the rest were used for validation. The PLS-DA model was able to achieve the best accuracy of 74% and 72% in calibration and validation respectively. The low accuracy achieved was probably due to the complexity of modeling the natural causes of loss of seed viability or even due to the thick seed coat (deters spectral signal penetration). The future of this research will focus on improving classification accuracy and implementing the resultant model to a real-time, high-speed sorting system based on HSI detection technology.
( Collins Wakholi ),( Byoungkwan Cho ),( Changyeun Mo ),( Moon S. Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2015 바이오시스템공학 Vol.40 No.3
Purpose: Fruit and vegetable production is a fast-growing sector in East Africa, and it bears considerable local and international market potential. In an effort to analyze the challenges within this sector and suggest possible solutions, this study reviews the postharvest handling technologies commonly used with fruits and vegetables in East Africa. Methods: During the course of this study, small-scale farmers were identified as the most prominent producers of fruit and vegetable crops in the region. Results: We found that many of these small-scale farmers employed relative simple and inexpensive techniques in handling their limited volumes of produce. Several factors could be addressed to reduce postharvest losses, including weak policies, inferior infrastructure, and poor market strategies. However, the lack of basic knowledge (including demographic, scientific, and economic knowledge) among the stakeholders (e.g., researchers, farmers, governments, nongovernment organizations, and merchants) on how to develop, implement, use, and sustain the recommended handling technologies is probably the most problematic. Conclusions: We recommend that high priority be placed on closing the knowledge gap, which could enhance the efforts of all the stakeholders to address and reduce postharvest losses.
Development of an Online measurement of corn seed viability using hyperspectral imaging
( Collins Wakholi ),( Youngwook Seo ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.21 No.2
The ability to classify seeds according to their respective traits like viability, variety etc. is key to regulation and ensuring seed quality and purity. Since the mass inception of genetically modified (GM) seeds to the market, many undesirable effects have been observed and are able to pose danger to the natural ecosystem and to humans at large. On top of the undesirable effects, there is a need to keep the natural gene pool as pure as possible from mixing with GM genes thus calling for careful caution during the handling of GM organisms. Currently many regulations have been imposed on the trade and import of GM seeds. In some societies for instance, the imported GM seeds have to be either killed or traded under very careful certification conditions. Clearly, there is a need to develop cutting edge technology to detect Viable GM seeds before import or trade. The main purpose of this research was to develop a working online sorting system based on Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) that is able to detect and sort GM corn seeds according their viability. In this study, hyperspectral image data from 600 corn seeds (50% microwave treated, 50% as control) was collected, analyzed and used to build classification models to classify between treated (non-viable) and non-treated (control/viable) corn groups. Three classification models were tested which included Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The PLS-DA model coupled with some image processing tools (2-D median filter and morphological operations) performed the best and was applied to the online sorting system and tested its performance at different conveyor belt speeds until optimum. The overall system classification accuracy from the online tests was found to be 84% and 81% for white and purple corn respectively at conveyor belt speed of about 72 mm/s. The overall system accuracy was found to be lower than that produced from the offline spectral analysis possibly due to effects like ambient temperature, electronic noise, test sample dissimilarity, etc. The results show that the hyperspectral based online sorting prototype is able to be used for non-destructive real-time inspection of corn seed viability which could be faster and cheaper alternative to the conventional measurement methods which are expensive, time consuming and representative.