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U6 is unsuitable for normalization of serum miRNA levels in patients with sepsis or liver fibrosis
Fabian Benz,Christoph Roderburg,David Vargas Cardenas,Mihael Vucur,Jeremie Gautheron,Alexander Koch,Henning Zimmermann,Jorn Janssen,Lukas Nieuwenhuijsen,Mark Luedde,Norbert Frey,Frank Tacke,Christian 생화학분자생물학회 2013 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.45 No.9
MicroRNA (miRNA) levels in serum have recently emerged as potential novel biomarkers for various diseases. miRNAs are routinely measured by standard quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); however, the high sensitivity of qPCR demands appropriate normalization to correct for nonbiological variation. Presently, RNU6B (U6) is used for data normalization of circulating miRNAs in many studies. However, it was suggested that serum levels of U6 themselves might differ between individuals. Therefore, no consensus has been reached on the best normalization strategy in ‘circulating miRNA’. We analyzed U6 levels as well as levels of spiked-in SV40-RNA in sera of 44 healthy volunteers, 203 intensive care unit patients and 64 patients with liver fibrosis. Levels of U6 demonstrated a high variability in sera of healthy donors, patients with critical illness and liver fibrosis. This high variability could also be confirmed in sera of mice after the cecal ligation and puncture procedure. Most importantly, levels of circulating U6 were significantly upregulated in sera of patients with critical illness and sepsis compared with controls and correlated with established markers of inflammation. In patients with liver fibrosis, U6 levels were significantly downregulated. In contrast, levels of spiked-in SV40 displayed a significantly higher stability both in human cohorts (healthy, critical illness,liver fibrosis) and in mice. Thus, we conclude that U6 levels in the serum are dysregulated in a disease-specific manner. Therefore, U6 should not be used for data normalization of circulating miRNAs in inflammatory diseases and previous studies using this approach should be interpreted with caution. Further studies are warranted to identify specific regulatory processes of U6 levels in sepsis and liver fibrosis.
The role of units in the concept of length for four- to six-year-old children
Johanna Z?llner,Christiane Benz 환태평양유아교육연구학회 2015 Asia-Pacific journal of research in early childhoo Vol.9 No.3
The understanding of the unit is a key point in the development of the concept of length. The understanding of unit is necessary for measuring as well as for comparing indirectly by using unit iteration. This article describes a study that investigated the use of units by children when they were comparing lines indirectly. The correlations between different aspects of the use of units are examined: the understanding of units, the use of units for decomposing and for counting are investigated.
CONSTRUCTION OF AN E-CALLISTO STATION IN KOREA
Bong, Su-Chan,Kim, Yeon-Han,Roh, Hee-Seon,Cho, Kyung-Suk,Park, Young-Deuk,Choi, Seong-Hwan,Baek, Ji-Hye,Monstein, Christian,Benz, Arnold O.,Moon, Yong-Jae,Kim, Sung-Soo S. The Korean Astronomical Society 2009 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.42 No.1
The e-CALLISTO is a global network of frequency-agile solar radio spectrometers that was constructed in a collaboration between Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) and local host institutes. It is intended to monitor solar radio bursts 24 hours a day in frequency range between 45 MHz and 870 MHz. One of e-CALLISTO spectrometer was installed at Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) in 2007 October. The spectrometer gets signals from a horizontally polarized log-periodic antenna mounted on an automatic Sun-tracking system. Tracking status and data are monitored in Space Weather Monitoring Laboratory (SWML) of KASI in real time, and flare time data are transferred to ETH Zurich data archive daily. Using this spectrometer we obtained a couple of type II solar radio bursts on 2007 December 31, and found that these bursts are associated with a CME which occurred on the east limb.