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What is a Book? -A Metaphor of the Past, an Uncertainty of the Present
( Roger Chartier ) 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2016 人文科學 Vol.106 No.-
Kant explicitly answers the question to ‘What is a book?’ in “Metaphysics of Morals(Die Metaphysik der Sitten)”, the first part of Metaphysical Elements of Justice(Metaphysischen Anfangsgrunde der Rechtslehre). A book is a physical product that is made to follow a production procedure, of which book owners are a part. A book is simultaneously a work of art and a discourse. The discourse is still owned by the author, even if it is duplicated in the book. Without the author`s consent, therefore, a book ought not to be transmitted or lent. The issue regarding the ownership on the discussion defining what a book is results from the complicated status of the book both as a physical product and as an aesthetic work. Even today, this issue of the identity of the book continues. In other words, a book is on one hand a work that reflects the author`s identity and consistency, while on the other it is a product that takes a form through inscription mediums. From the ancient times to the first century, their form was limited to scrolls, and the works later spread into different objects. In this process, the invention of the codex made it possible to gather the many works of one author in one binding. Today, the subject-matter of the book as an object and the book as a discourse - the relationship among objects, genres, and functions of written culture of the past - is to be reformulated. Readers who sit in front of computer screens take in selected broken fragments rather than understanding the text as a whole, and no longer differentiate genres. Digital mediums do not correspond to any clear material objects, such as the scrolls of ancient times, manuscript codex copies, or printed copies after Gutenberg. In the age of the codex whose difference was that it was immediately distinguishable among such various products of written culture as books, magazines, and newspapers, the hierarchy of objects showed the order of discourse, i. e., the hierarchy of validity in the discourse. However, now in the world of digital text, the restrictions that were coerced by the codex`s morphology and copyright legislational systems are lifted. Since the 18th century, the sort of creative writing that has overturned the criteria based on copyright and ownership has been developed. From here, there are two possibilities expected in the future. One is the possibility of the regulation and recognition of works, along with the applying devices on digital texts that follow the criteria of copyright, and the other is that readers abandon these criteria and regard the texts however they may wish and as a continuing discourse. However, the events that the history of written culture encountered, such as the advent of the codex and printing, made it possible for outcomes of the past and new technology to coexist in novel manners. The present day digital revolution also brings a reorganization of written culture. Therefore, as in the past, writings can be expected to be redistributed in forms both of the old and the new. Even so, categories formed based on the order of discourse originating from the name of the author, the identity of the work, and intellectual ownership, along with the fundamental issues raised regarding the fact that they are all linked in the digital world, still exist along with the division between the two, and even with the unprecedented phenomenon in which they are in opposition to each other.
Student-Athletes’ Development of Life Skills in a University Sport Setting
Marie-Christine Chartier,William R. Falcao,Christiane Trottier 한국코칭능력개발원 2021 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.15 No.2
University sports have unique characteristics that can impact life skills development and transfer during a crucial developmental period of a person’s life. Thus, it is important to investigate how sport participation can impact life skills development in university student-athletes. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the experiences of student-athletes in a university sport setting and to explore how this environment facilitated life skills development and transfer. Based on a multiple-case study design, four senior student-athletes participated in two individual semi-structured interviews. A cross-case analysis revealed that the contextual demands of university sports encouraged the development and perfecting of student-athletes life skills throughout their time at university. These results highlight that a positive climate created by the coaches and the naturally occurring contextual demands of university sports are fundamental aspects to consider when promoting life skills development and transfer.
SπRIT: A time-projection chamber for symmetry-energy studies
Shane, R.,McIntosh, A.B.,Isobe, T.,Lynch, W.G.,Baba, H.,Barney, J.,Chajecki, Z.,Chartier, M.,Estee, J.,Famiano, M.,Hong, B.,Ieki, K.,Jhang, G.,Lemmon, R.,Lu, F.,Murakami, T.,Nakatsuka, N.,Nishimura, M Elsevier 2015 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.784 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A time-projection chamber (TPC) called the SAMURAI Pion-Reconstruction and Ion-Tracker (SπRIT) has recently been constructed at Michigan State University as part of an international effort to constrain the symmetry-energy term in the nuclear Equation of State (EoS). The SπRIT TPC will be used in conjunction with the SAMURAI spectrometer at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) at RIKEN to measure yield ratios for pions and other light isospin multiplets produced in central collisions of neutron-rich heavy ions, such as <SUP>132</SUP>Sn+<SUP>124</SUP>Sn. The SπRIT TPC can function both as a TPC detector and as an active target. It has a vertical drift length of 50cm, parallel to the magnetic field. Gas multiplication is achieved through the use of a multi-wire anode plane. Image charges, produced in the 12096 pads, are read out with the recently developed Generic Electronics for TPCs.</P>