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Band offsets in ITO/Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> heterostructures
Carey IV, Patrick H.,Ren IV, F.,Hays IV, David C.,Gila IV, B.P,Pearton IV, S.J.,Jang IV, Soohwan,Kuramata IV, Akito Elsevier 2017 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.422 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The valence band offsets in rf-sputtered Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/single crystal β-Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> (ITO/Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>) heterostructures were measured with X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy using the Kraut method. The bandgaps of the component materials in the heterostructure were determined by Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy as 4.6eV for Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> and 3.5eV for ITO. The valence band offset was determined to be −0.78±0.30eV, while the conduction band offset was determined to be −0.32±0.13eV. The ITO/Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> system has a nested gap (type I) alignment. The use of a thin layer of ITO between a metal and the Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> is an attractive approach for reducing contact resistance on Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>-based power electronic devices and solar-blind photodetectors.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We measured the band offsets of ITO on Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>, a promising wide bandgap semiconductor for solar-blind detectors and power electronics. </LI> <LI> The band alignment is nested (type I), with a valence band offset of −0.78eV </LI> <LI> The results show the use of ITO interlayers will be beneficial to improving Ohmic contacts on Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>. </LI> </UL> </P>
Carey Renee N.,Fritschi Lin,Nguyen Ha,Abdallah Kamil,Driscoll Timothy R. 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2023 Safety and health at work Vol.14 No.4
Background: Exposure to welding fume is associated with adverse effects on worker health. The use of various control measures can reduce levels of exposure and the resulting health effects. However, little is known about the factors that may influence workers' use of control measures in the workplace and their perceived intervention needs. This study aimed to investigate workers' and other stakeholders' views on ways to improve the use of welding fume control measures in Australian workplaces. Methods: We conducted a series of online focus group discussions and individual interviews with participants who have some occupational involvement in welding, whether as workers, employers or industry representatives, union representatives, or regulators. A semi-structured question guide was used, and all discussions and interviews were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Results: Five focus group discussions and five individual interviews were conducted with a total of 21 participants. Three major themes emerged. The first addressed the current awareness of welding fume harms and concern about exposure; the second focussed on the current use of control measures, and barriers and facilitators to their use; and the last centred around intervention needs and the contents of a potential effective intervention. Conclusion: Improving the use of control measures to prevent exposure to welding fume requires knowledge around the barriers and facilitators of control, use, and the intervention needs of stakeholders. This study has provided such knowledge, which will facilitate the design and implementation of an intervention to reduce welding fume exposure and ultimately protect the health of workers.
Carey Holleran,Jeffrey Konrad,Barbara Norton,Tamara Burlis,Steven Ambler 한국보건의료인국가시험원 2023 보건의료교육평가 Vol.20 No.-
Purpose The purpose of this project was to implement a process for learner-driven, formative, prospective, ad-hoc, entrustment assessment in Doctor of Physical Therapy clinical education. Our goals were to develop an innovative entrustment assessment tool, and then explore whether the tool detected (1) differences between learners at different stages of development and (2) differences within learners across the course of a clinical education experience. We also investigated whether there was a relationship between the number of assessments and change in performance. Methods A prospective, observational, cohort of clinical instructors (CIs) was recruited to perform learner-driven, formative, ad-hoc, prospective, entrustment assessments. Two entrustable professional activities (EPAs) were used: (1) gather a history and perform an examination and (2) implement and modify the plan of care, as needed. CIs provided a rating on the entrustment scale and provided narrative support for their rating. Results Forty-nine learners participated across 4 clinical experiences (CEs), resulting in 453 EPA learner-driven assessments. For both EPAs, statistically significant changes were detected both between learners at different stages of development and within learners across the course of a CE. Improvement within each CE was significantly related to the number of feedback opportunities. Conclusion The results of this pilot study provide preliminary support for the use of learner-driven, formative, ad-hoc assessments of competence based on EPAs with a novel entrustment scale. The number of formative assessments requested correlated with change on the EPA scale, suggesting that formative feedback may augment performance improvement.