Can We Believe in Cold Showers?

Campbell, Neil 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1998 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.13 No.1

This paper considers the case of a firm which faces the decision as to whether to invest in a cost-reducing technology with an uncertain return. Under certain conditions the removal of protection can facilitate this investment(a 'cold shower'). It is shown, in the case of Cournot competition, that a cold shower is more likely if a quota rather than a tariff is the protective instrument. It is also shown that a cold shower is more likely if the domestic firm is a Stackelberg leader rather than a Cournot competitor. A Cournot market structure is used to consider a reduction in the number of foreign firms (an increase in the domestic firms market power). It is argued that it is reasonable to believe that this will increase the likelihood of a cold shower occurring.(JEL Classification: F13)

호수지대에는 겨울이 어떻게 오는가

Campbell, Wilfred 숙명여자대학교 어문학연구소 1988 어문학 Vol.4 No.-

Breast Cancer Characteristics and Survival Differences between Maori, Pacific and other New Zealand Women Included in the Quality Audit Program of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand

Campbell, Ian,Scott, Nina,Seneviratne, Sanjeewa,Kollias, James,Walters, David,Taylor, Corey,Roder, David Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.6

Background: The Quality Audit (BQA) program of the Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand (NZ) collects data on early female breast cancer and its treatment. BQA data covered approximately half all early breast cancers diagnosed in NZ during roll-out of the BQA program in 1998-2010. Coverage increased progressively to about 80% by 2008. This is the biggest NZ breast cancer database outside the NZ Cancer Registry and it includes cancer and clinical management data not collected by the Registry. We used these BQA data to compare socio-demographic and cancer characteristics and survivals by ethnicity. Materials and Methods: BQA data for 1998-2010 diagnoses were linked to NZ death records using the National Health Index (NHI) for linking. Live cases were followed up to December $31^{st}$ 2010. Socio-demographic and invasive cancer characteristics and disease-specific survivals were compared by ethnicity. Results: Five-year survivals were 87% for Maori, 84% for Pacific, 91% for other NZ cases and 90% overall. This compared with the 86% survival reported for all female breast cases covered by the NZ Cancer Registry which also included more advanced stages. Patterns of survival by clinical risk factors accorded with patterns expected from the scientific literature. Compared with Other cases, Maori and Pacific women were younger, came from more deprived areas, and had larger cancers with more ductal and fewer lobular histology types. Their cancers were also less likely to have a triple negative phenotype. More of the Pacific women had vascular invasion. Maori women were more likely to reside in areas more remote from regional cancer centres, whereas Pacific women generally lived closer to these centres than Other NZ cases. Conclusions: NZ BQA data indicate previously unreported differences in breast cancer biology by ethnicity. Maori and Pacific women had reduced breast cancer survival compared with Other NZ women, after adjusting for socio-demographic and cancer characteristics. The potential contributions to survival differences of variations in service access, timeliness and quality of care, need to be examined, along with effects of comorbidity and biological factors.

THE FIBONACCI LENGTH OF CERTAIN CENTRO-POLYHEDRAL GROUPS

CAMPBELL, C. M.,CAMPBELL, P. P. 한국전산응용수학회 2005 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.19 No.1

We examine the Fibonacci length of certain centro-polyhedral groups and show that in some cases the lengths depend on tribonacci sequences. Further we obtain specific examples of infinite families of three-generator groups with constant, linear and (3-step) Wall number dependent Fibonacci lengths.

Bayesian methods in clinical trials with applications to medical devices

Campbell, Gregory The Korean Statistical Society 2017 Communications for statistical applications and me Vol.24 No.6

Bayesian statistics can play a key role in the design and analysis of clinical trials and this has been demonstrated for medical device trials. By 1995 Bayesian statistics had been well developed and the revolution in computing powers and Markov chain Monte Carlo development made calculation of posterior distributions within computational reach. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiative of Bayesian statistics in medical device clinical trials, which began almost 20 years ago, is reviewed in detail along with some of the key decisions that were made along the way. Both Bayesian hierarchical modeling using data from previous studies and Bayesian adaptive designs, usually with a non-informative prior, are discussed. The leveraging of prior study data has been accomplished through Bayesian hierarchical modeling. An enormous advantage of Bayesian adaptive designs is achieved when it is accompanied by modeling of the primary endpoint to produce the predictive posterior distribution. Simulations are crucial to providing the operating characteristics of the Bayesian design, especially for a complex adaptive design. The 2010 FDA Bayesian guidance for medical device trials addressed both approaches as well as exchangeability, Type I error, and sample size. Treatment response adaptive randomization using the famous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation example is discussed. An interesting real example of a Bayesian analysis using a failed trial with an interesting subgroup as prior information is presented. The implications of the likelihood principle are considered. A recent exciting area using Bayesian hierarchical modeling has been the pediatric extrapolation using adult data in clinical trials. Historical control information from previous trials is an underused area that lends itself easily to Bayesian methods. The future including recent trends, decision theoretic trials, Bayesian benefit-risk, virtual patients, and the appalling lack of penetration of Bayesian clinical trials in the medical literature are discussed.

New Distribution Record for the Family Psephenidae based on the Discovery of Mataeopsephenus japonicus sasajii Sato, 1970 : Coleoptera 초시목

CAMPBELL, JAMES D.,KWON, YONG JUNG 韓國自然史博物學會 1981 生物과 自然 Vol.11 No.1

한국에서는 처음으로 기록되는 물삿갓벌레科(Psephenidae)의 Mataeopsephenus japonicus sasajii SATO, 1970 (물삿갓벌레 : 신칭)를 채집하였으므로 이에 보고한다. 본종은 유충時 수중고착생활을 하며 원아종은 일본본토 각지 계류에 분포하고 있고, 본아종은 대마도에서 기록되었으며 체형과 생식기의 차이에 의해 확실히 구별되고, 서식처의 제한성등으로 미루어보아 일본열도가 먼저 대륙으로부터 격리된 후에 원아종 개체군이 일본본토에 형성되어 원종에서 분화되었고, 다시 본아종 개체군이 형성된 후에 대마도가 한반도에서 격리되었음을 입증하는 새로운 동물지리분포 자료로 사료된다. The first record of the species, Mataeopsephenus japonicus sasajii Sato, 1970 from the Korean Peninsula is reported. Photographs of the dorsal feature and the male genitalia are included.

A Bone in the Throat : The Taiwan Straits Issue and Sino-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era

Campbell, Joel R. 경희대학교 아태지역연구원 1998 아태연구 Vol.5 No.-

Correlative SPM/TEM Investigation of the Electrochemical Deposition of Lithium Metal

Campbell, Colin,Lee, Byeongdu,Lee, Yong Min,Cho, Kuk Young,Lee, Young-Gi,Hong, Seungbum,Phatak, Charudatta Cambridge University Press 2018 Microscopy and microanalysis Vol.24 No.suppl1

Dendro-dendritic bundling and shared synapses between gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons.

Campbell, Rebecca E,Gaidamaka, Galina,Han, Seong-Kyu,Herbison, Allan E National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.26

<P>The pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is critical for mammalian fertility, but the mechanisms underlying the synchronization of GnRH neurons are unknown. In the present study, the full extent of the GnRH neuron dendritic tree was visualized by patching and filling individual GnRH neurons with biocytin in acute brain slices from adult GnRH-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. Confocal analysis of 42 filled GnRH neurons from male and female adult mice revealed that the dendrites of the great majority of GnRH neurons (86%) formed multiple close appositions with dendrites of other GnRH neurons. Two types of interactions were encountered; the predominant interaction was one of vertical dendritic bundling where dendrites were found to wrap around each other in the same axis. The other interaction was one in which a GnRH neuron dendrite intercepted other GnRH neuron dendrites in a perpendicular fashion. Electron microscopy using pre-embedded, silver-enhanced immunogold labeling for both GnRH and GFP peptides in GnRH-GFP transgenic mice, confirmed that GnRH neuron dendrites were often immediately juxtaposed. Membrane specializations, including punctae and zonula adherens, were found connecting adjacent dendritic elements of GnRH neurons. Remarkably, individual afferent axon terminals were found to synapse with multiple GnRH neuron dendrites at sites of bundling. Together, these data demonstrate that GnRH neurons are not isolated from one another but, rather, interconnected via their long dendritic extensions. The observation of shared synaptic input to bundled GnRH neuron dendrites suggests a mechanism of GnRH neuron synchronization.</P>

CANADIAN NUCLEAR EXPORT POLICY TOWARD DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Campbell, Ross The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam Uni 1979 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.3 No.1

It is a pleasure for me to participate in this conference and to have the opportunity of exchanging views on the conference theme "Prospects for Nuclear Weapons Proliferation in Developing Countries". The Institute for Far Eastern Studies is to be congratulated on its choice of topic and its timing. Your timing is excellent because your conference comes at the midway point of the International Nucleal' Fuel Cycle Evaluation program(INFCE) and enables us all to focus on the work that has yet to be done and the directions in which tile second half of INFCE should be moving. I should like to return to this matter at the end of my talk as I have some thoughts that I would like to leave with you, Your conference theme, concentrating as it does ell nuclear issues as they affect developing countries, appeals to ole for two main reasons. First, because I believe the discussions here will confirm that among the non-nuclear-weapon-States, parties to the Treaty on tile Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or otherwise, it will be the continuing judgment that non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is an objective so compelling for all governments that it will not be sacrificed on the altar of military adventurism. This applies equally to governments whose regional security problems might make a weapons program appear attractive. In today's climate regarding proliferation, the penalties would be just too great.