Superficial and Deep Skin Preparation with Povidone-Iodine for Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery : A Technical Note

Craven, Claudia L.,Thompson, Simon D.,Toma, Ahmed K.,Watkins, Laurence D. The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2019 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.62 No.1

Objective : Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery is a common and effective treatment for hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid disorders. Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after a VP shunt. There is evidence that a deep skin flora microbiome may have a role to play in post-operative infections. In this technical note, we present a skin preparation technique that addresses the issue of the skin flora beyond the initial incision. Methods : The patient is initially prepped, as standard, with. a single layer of 2% CHG+70% isopropyl alcohol. The novel stage is the 'double incision' whereby an initial superficial incision receives a further application of povidone-iodine prior to completing the full depth incision. Results : Of the 84 shunts inserted using the double-incision method (September 2015 to September 2016), only one developed a shunt infection. Conclusion : The double incision approach to skin preparation is a unique operative stage in VP shunt surgery that may have a role to play in reducing acute shunt infection.

Part 2. Maritime Security In The Post-Cold War Era : 5. The Impact of International Security Mechanisms and Military Systems on the Ocean and Related Environments

( John P. Craven ) 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 1995 East and West Studies Series Vol.37 No.-

Future Directions for Physical Education And Sport

Charles W. Craven 忠北大學校 平生體育硏究所 1996 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

체육도 시대가 급속히 변하고 있기 때문에 미래를 대비해야 한다. 현재까지의 체육은 유치원부터 대학교육에 있어서까지 그 중요성이 인정되어 필연적으로 수강해야 했다. 그러나 모든 산물이 그렇듯이, 체육이라는 산물도 생성, 성장, 발달 그리고 쇠퇴되는 과정을 겪는다. 이 고찰의 목적은 체육이란 산물의 부분을 조사하고, 변화되어 온 것을 조사하고, 그리고 장차 생존력있고 성장할 수 있느 새로운 방법을 연구하는 것이다. 그리하여 미국의 경우를 살펴보면서, 현재까지의 체육의 성장·발달을 분석하고, 나아가서 이를 바탕으로 시대적 요구에 걸맞는 새로운 산물(새로운 체육 및 Program)을 창조하려는 움직임을 찾아본다. 끝으로, 체육인은 뜻을 모아 체육교육내용, Program, 그리고 교수법 등을 발전적이고 새롭게 세우도록 연구해야 한다고 제안한다.

Think Metaphor : Metaphor as a Lens and a Tool for Art Education

Miwon Choe,Melissa Craven 한국국제미술교육학회 2008 미술과 교육 Vol.9 No.1

은유를 생각하라 : 미술교육을 위한 도구와 렌즈로서의 은유

Miwon Choe,Melissa Craven,권명인(옮김) 한국국제미술교육학회 2008 미술과 교육 Vol.9 No.1

Windows용 솔리드 모델러 소개

Robert Martin,Claudia Craven,김영호(편집자) (사)한국CDE학회 1997 한국CAD/CAM학회학회지 Vol.3 No.1

Cholesteryl Hexanoate의 실온 및 저온에서의 분자 및 결정구조

박영자,Young Ja Park,B. M. Craven 대한화학회 1981 대한화학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Cholesteryl hexanoate의 결정 및 분자구조를 실온과 $-75{\circ}C$에서 X-ray 회절방법으로 결정하였다. 이 화합물의 결정은 단사형계에 속하며 a = 12.162(3), b = 9.314(3), c = 13.643(5) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}$ = $93. 55{\circ}(3)$이며 단위세포안에 두개의 분자가 있다. 분자구조는 cholesteryl octanoate의 원자좌표를 trial 구조로 하여 Fourier 방법으로 결정하여 정밀화하였다. 최종 R값은 실온과 저온에서 얻은 X-ray 회절강도들에 대하여 각각 0.129와 0.105이다. 분자들은 서로 반대로 나란히 길게 놓여 있으며 이들이 monolayer를 만들면서 모여져 있다. Monolayer들 안에서는 cholesteryl군들이 서로 촘촘히 쌓인 구조를 가지고 있다. 결정구조는 cholesteryl octanoate와 cholesteryl oleate와 매우 비슷하다. Cholesteryl hexanoate $(C_{33}H_{56}O_2)$, is monoclinic, space group $P2_1$, with a = 12.162(3), b = 9.314(3), c = 13.643(5) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}$ = $93. 55{\circ}(3)$ and two molecules per unit cell. The atomic coordinates from cholesteryl octanoate were used in an initial trial structure using X-ray intensities(Mo $K{\alpha}$ radiation) measured by a diffractometer at room temperature and $-75{\circ}C$. Structure refinement by block-diagonal least squares gave R = 0.129 and 0.105 for room and low temperature experiments respectively. The molecules are arranged in monolayers with their long axes antiparallel and severely tilted. There is a close packing of cholesteryl groups within the monolayers. The crystal structures is very similar to those of cholesteryl octanoate and cholesteryl oleate.

At Death's Door: Alternaria Pathogenicity Mechanisms

Lawrence, Christopher B.,Mitchell, Thomas K.,Craven, Kelly D.,Cho, Yang-Rae,Cramer, Robert A.,Kim, Kwang-Hyung The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2008 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.24 No.2

The fungal genus Alternaria is comprised of many saprophytic and endophytic species, but is most well known as containing many notoriously destructive plant pathogens. There are over 4,000 Alternaria/host associations recorded in the USDA Fungal Host Index ranking the genus 10th among nearly 2,000 fungal genera based on the total number of host records. While few Alternaria species appear to have a sexual stage to their life cycles, the majority lack sexuality altogether. Many pathogenic species of Alternaria are prolific toxin producers, which facilitates their necrotrophic lifestyle. Necrotrophs must kill host cells prior to colonization, and thus these toxins are secreted to facilitate host cell death often by triggering genetically programmed apoptotic pathways or by directly causing cell damage resulting in necrosis. While many species of Alternaria produce toxins with rather broad host ranges, a closely-related group of agronomically important Alternaria species produce selective toxins with a very narrow range often to the cultivar level. Genes that code for and direct the biosynthesis of these host-specific toxins for the Alternaria alternata sensu lato lineages are often contained on small, mostly conditionally dispensable, chromosomes. Besides the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis, relatively few genes and/or gene products have been identified that contribute to or are required for pathogenicity. Recently, the completion of the A. brassicicola genome sequencing project has facilitated the examination of a substantial subset of genes for their role in pathogenicity. In this review, we will highlight the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis and the use of A. brassicicola as a model representative for basic virulence studies for the genus as a whole. The current status of these research efforts will be discussed.

Structure of Cholesteryl Pentyl Carbonate

서혜란,박영자,Seo, Hye Ran,Park, Yeong Ja,B. M. Craven Korean Chemical Society 1990 대한화학회지 Vol.34 No.1

Cholesteryl pentyl carbonate $(C_{33}H_{56}O_3)$의 분자 및 결정구조를 X-선 회절법으로 연구하였다. 이 결정은 단사정계에 속하며 공간군은$P2_1$이며, 단위세포 상수는 a = 12.484(3), b = 9.043(3), c = 14.053(3)$\AA$, ${\beta} = 94.12(2)^{\circ}$이다. Four-circle automatic diffractometer로 회절 강도들을 얻었으며, 구조는 cholesteryl octanoate의 원자좌표를 시행구조로 이용 결정하였고 최소자승법으로 정밀화하였다. 최종 신뢰도 R 값은 1164개의 반점들에 대하여 0.12이었다. Cholesteryl부분의 결합길이와 결합각은 정상적이나 pentyl기는 이 영역에서의 열적 진동 때문에 결합길이가 짧았다. b-축을 따르는 $2_1$ screw symmetry에 의해 관련된 인접한 분자들은 서로 반대로 나란히 놓여 있으며 monolayer를 형성하고 있다. Monolayer 내에서 cholesteryl군들이 서로 촘촘히 쌓인 구조를 만들어 Monolayer Type II packing mode에 해당하며, cholesteryl hexanoate, octanoate, hexyl carbonate, oleate 등의 결정구조들과 비슷한 구조로 되어 있다. Cholesteryl pentyl carbonate $(C_{33}H_{56}O_3)$ is monoclinic, space group P21, with a = 12.484(3), b = 9.043(3), c = 14.053(3)$\AA$, ${\beta} = 94.12(2)^{\circ}$ and z = 2. The intensity data were measured for the 2969 reflections within sin $\theta/\lambda = 0.52 {\AA}^{-1}$, using an automatic four--circle diffractometer and graphite monochromated Mo-K$\alpha$ radiation. The atomic coordinates from cholesteryl octanoate were used in an initial trial structure and the structure was refined by full-matrix least squares methods. The final R-factor was 0.12 for 1164 observed reflections. The pentyl group has shortened bond lengths due to the high thermal vibrations in this region. Adjacent molecules are related by $2_1$ screw axis so that they are arranged in an antiparallel array, corresponding to the Monolayer Type II packing mode. There are close packings of cholesteryl groups within the monolayers. This packing type is similar to those of cholesteryl hexanoate, octanoate, hexyl carbonate and oleate.

The role of body mass index on quality indicators following minimally-invasive radical prostatectomy

Ram A. Pathak,Robert R.A. Wilson,Timothy E. Craven,Ethan Matz,Ashok K. Hemal 대한비뇨의학회 2021 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.62 No.3

Purpose: We sought to determine the role of body mass index (BMI) on quality indicators, such as length of stay and readmission. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was queried to examine the effect of obesity, defined as BMI >30, on outcomes after Minimally Invasive Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy (MI-RRP). Materials and Methods: Utilizing the NSQIP database, patient records were identified using the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 55866 (laparoscopy, surgical prostatectomy, radical retropubic) during a 10-year period (2007–2017). Obesity was classified according to the CDC classification. Chi-square tests were utilized to evaluate BMI distribution by surgery year. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship of BMI with length of stay (LOS) and hospital readmission within 30 days, after controlling for preoperative variables. Results: Records of 49,238 patients who have undergone MI-RRP during 2007–2017 were evaluated. Mean yearly BMI rose from 28.5 to 29.2, while the percentage of surgical patients with BMI >30 rose by 5% (33% to 38%; p<0.0001) over the study period. Obese patients demonstrated higher morbidity, prolonged LOS, and increased readmission rates after MI-RRP. Obesity severity correlated negatively with quality indicators in a graded fashion. Conclusions: Obesity rates in patients undergoing MI-RRP increased from 2007–2017. Obese patients are at increased risk of morbidity, prolonged LOS, and readmission within 30 days, following MI-RRP. These patients should not be excluded from MI-RRP; rather, physicians should discuss these increased risks with their patients. Proper weight loss strategies should be instituted preoperatively to mitigate these risks.