A systematic investigation of the thermoelectric stability of Pt–Rh thermocouples between 1300 °C and 1500 °C

Pearce, J V,Edler, F,Elliott, C J,Greenen, A,Harris, P M,Izquierdo, C Garcia,Kim, Y-G,Martin, M J,Smith, I M,Tucker, D,Veltcheva, R I BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2018 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.55 No.4

<P>By using a simple model to relate the electromotive force drift rate of Pt–Rh thermoelements to d<I>S</I>/d<I>c</I>, i.e. the sensitivity of the Seebeck coefficient, <I>S</I>, to rhodium mass fraction, <I>c</I>, the composition of the optimal pair of Pt–Rh wires that minimizes thermoelectric drift can be determined. The model has been applied to four multi-wire thermocouples each comprising 5 or 7 Pt–Rh wires of different composition. Two thermocouples were exposed to a temperature of around 1324 °C, one thermocouple to around 1492 °C, i.e. the melting points of the Co–C and Pd–C high temperature fixed points, respectively, and one thermocouple to a series of temperatures between 1315 °C and 1450 °C. The duration of exposure at each temperature was several thousand hours. By performing repeated calibrations <I>in situ</I> with the appropriate fixed point during the high temperature exposure, the drift performance has been quantified with high accuracy, entirely free from errors associated with thermoelectric homogeneity. By combining these results it is concluded that the Pt-40%Rh versus Pt-6%Rh is the most stable at the temperatures investigated. A preliminary reference function was determined and is presented.</P>

Fatty acid biosynthesis and lipogenic enzyme activities in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers fed supplementary palm oil or soybean oil

Choi, S. H.,Gang, G. O.,Sawyer, J. E.,Johnson, B. J.,Kim, K. H.,Choi, C. W.,Smith, S. B. American Society of Animal Science 2013 Journal of animal science Vol.91 No.5

<P>We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers, and that soybean oil supplementation would depress adipocyte differentiation. Twenty-eight Angus steers were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 9 or 10 steers and fed a basal diet without additional fat (control), with 3% palm oil (rich in palmitic acid), or with 3% soybean oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids), for 10 wk, top-dressed daily. Palm oil had no effect (<I>P</I> > 0.05) on ADG, food intake, or G:F, whereas soybean oil depressed ADG (<I>P</I> = 0.02), food intake (<I>P</I> = 0.04), and G:F (<I>P</I> = 0.05). Marbling scores tended (<I>P</I> = 0.09) to be greater in palm oil-fed steers (Modest<SUP>09</SUP>) than in soybean oil-fed steers (Small<SUP>55</SUP>). Subcutaneous adipocyte mean volume was greater in palm oil-fed steers (515.9 pL) than in soybean-supplemented cattle (395.6 pL; <I>P</I> = 0.01). Similarly, glucose and acetate incorporation into total lipids in vitro was greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers (119.9 and 242.8 nmol·3h<SUP>–1</SUP>·10<SUP>5</SUP> cells, respectively) than adipose tissue of soybean oil-fed steers in (48.9 and 95.8 nmol·3h<SUP>–1</SUP>·10<SUP>5</SUP> cells, respectively). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase activities were greater (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers than in adipose tissue of control steers. Palm oil did not increase palmitic acid or decrease oleic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue or LM, but decreased (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) myristoleic, palmitoleic, and <I>cis</I>-vaccenic acid in adipose tissue, indicating a depression in stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity. Soybean oil increased the proportion of α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue and muscle and increased linoleic acid and 18:1<I>trans</I>-10 in muscle. We conclude that palm oil supplementation promoted lipid synthesis in adipose tissue without depressing feed efficiency or increasing the palmitic acid content of beef.</P>

Outcomes of Surgical Treatment for Patients With Mild Scoliosis and AgeAppropriate Sagittal Alignment With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up

Justin K. Scheer,Justin S. Smith,Peter G. Passias,Han Jo Kim,Shay Bess,Douglas C. Burton,Eric O. Klineberg,Virginie Lafage,Munish Gupta,Christopher P. Ames 대한척추신경외과학회 2023 Neurospine Vol.20 No.3

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine if patients with mild scoliosis and ageappropriate sagittal alignment have favorable outcomes following surgical correction. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospective, multicenter adult spinal deformity database. Inclusion criteria: operative patients age ≥18 years, and preoperative pelvic tilt, mismatch between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis (PI–LL), and C7 sagittal vertical axis all within established age-adjusted thresholds with minimum 2-year follow-up. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores: Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), 36-item Short Form health survey (SF-36), Scoliosis Research Society-22R (SRS22R), back/leg pain Numerical Rating Scale and minimum clinically important difference (MCID)/substantial clinical benefit (SCB). Two-year and preoperative HRQoL radiographic data were compared. Patients with mild scoliosis (Mild Scoli, Max coronal Cobb 10°–30°) were compared to those with larger curves (Scoli). Results: One hundred fifty-one patients included from 667 operative patients (82.8% women; average age, 56.4 ± 16.2 years). Forty-two patients (27.8%) included in Mild Scoli group. Mild Scoli group had significantly worse baseline leg pain, ODI, and physical composite scores (p < 0.02). Mean 2-year maximum coronal Cobb angle was significantly improved compared to baseline (p < 0.001). All 2-year HRQoL measures were significantly improved compared to (p < 0.001) except mental composite score, SRS activity and SRS mental for the Mild Scoli group (p > 0.05). From the mild Scoli group, 36%–74% met either MCID or SCB for the HRQoL measures. Sixty-four point three percent had minimum 1 complication, 28.6% had a major complication, 35.7% had reoperation. Conclusion: Mild scoliosis patients with age-appropriate sagittal alignment benefit from surgical correction, decompression, and stabilization at 2 years postoperative despite having a high complication rate.

MASSIVE YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER. I. SPECTROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION FROM<i>SPITZER</i>INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH OBSERVATIONS

An, Deokkeun,Ramí,rez, Solange V.,Sellgren, Kris,Arendt, Richard G.,Boogert, A. C. Adwin,Robitaille, Thomas P.,Schultheis, Mathias,Cotera, Angela S.,Smith, Howard A.,Stolovy, Susan R. IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.736 No.2

<P>We present results from our spectroscopic study, using the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, designed to identify massive young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Galactic center (GC). Our sample of 107 YSO candidates was selected based on Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) colors from the high spatial resolution, high sensitivity Spitzer/IRAC images in the Central Molecular Zone, which spans the central similar to 300 pc region of the Milky Way. We obtained IRS spectra over 5-35 mu m using both high- and low-resolution IRS modules. We spectroscopically identify massive YSOs by the presence of a 15.4 mu m shoulder on the absorption profile of 15 mu m CO2 ice, suggestive of CO2 ice mixed with CH3OH ice on grains. This 15.4 mu m shoulder is clearly observed in 16 sources and possibly observed in an additional 19 sources. We show that nine massive YSOs also reveal molecular gas-phase absorption from CO2, C2H2, and/or HCN, which traces warm and dense gas in YSOs. Our results provide the first spectroscopic census of the massive YSO population in the GC. We fit YSO models to the observed spectral energy distributions and find YSO masses of 8-23 M-circle dot, which generally agree with the masses derived from observed radio continuum emission. We find that about 50% of photometrically identified YSOs are confirmed with our spectroscopic study. This implies a preliminary star formation rate of similar to 0.07 M-circle dot yr(-1) at the GC.</P>

Cellular regulation of bovine intramuscular adipose tissue development and composition.

Smith, S B,Kawachi, H,Choi, C B,Choi, C W,Wu, G,Sawyer, J E American Society of Animal Science [etc.] 2009 Journal of Animal Science Vol.87 No.14

<P>It is well documented that grain feeding stimulates adipogenesis in beef cattle, whereas pasture feeding depresses the development of adipose tissues, including intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue. Additionally, production practices that depress adipocyte differentiation also limit the synthesis of MUFA. Marbling scores and MUFA increase in parallel suggesting that stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene expression is closely associated with and necessary for marbling adipocyte differentiation. Similarly, marbling scores and fatty acid indices of SCD activity are depressed in response to dietary vitamin A restriction. In bovine preadipocytes, vitamins A and D both decrease glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, an index of adipocyte differentiation, whereas incubation of bovine preadipocytes with l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate increases GPDH activity. Exposing bovine preadipocytes to zinc also stimulates adipogenesis, putatively by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production. However, incubation of bovine preadipocytes with arginine, a biological precursor of NO, strongly promotes differentiation in concert with increased SCD expression. This suggests that the effect of either arginine or zinc on adipogenesis is independent of NO synthesis in bovine preadipocytes. Enhanced expression of SCD is associated with a greater accumulation of MUFA both in bovine preadipocyte cultures and during development in growing steers. In bovine preadipocytes, trans-10, cis-12 CLA strongly depresses adipocyte differentiation and SCD gene expression, thereby reducing MUFA concentrations. The bovine preadipocyte culture studies suggest that any production practice that elevates vitamins A or D or trans-10, cis-12 CLA in bovine adipose tissue will reduce i.m. adipose tissue development. Conversely, supplementation with vitamin C or zinc may promote the development of i.m. adipose tissue.</P>

Coulomb Blockade Oscillations as a Noninvasive Probe of Screening

R. Nemutudi,C. G. Smith,C.-T. Liang,D. A. Ritchie,G. A. C. Jones,I. Farrer,M. Pepper,M. J. Murphy 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.48 No.6

Noninvasive measurement techniques utilize the fact that the local conditions in an electrical circuit can affect a nearby, but electrically isolated circuit. Such a technique can be used to measure the screening ability of an electron system. In this work, we study non-invasively the screening characteristics of a one-dimensional (1D) channel in close lateral proximity to a quantum dot that forms a separate and electrically isolated circuit. We use a one-dimensional (1D) channel to screen and in-plane electric field between the gate and the lateral quantum dot. The Coulomb blockade oscillations we observe through the quantum dot circuit and the corresponding variation in their periodicity at different gate voltage regions are a signature of the screening characteristics of a 1D channel both at zero magnetic field and in the quantum Hall region. The screening ability of the 1D channel is found to be approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than that of an ungated GaAs two-dimensional electron system.

Coupled double-row formation in a quasi-1D wire

Smith, L.W.,Hew, W.K.,Thomas, K.J.,Pepper, M.,Farrer, I.,Anderson, D.,Jones, G.A.C.,Ritchie, D.A. North-Holland 2010 Physica E, Low-dimensional systems & nanostructure Vol.42 No.4

We investigate one-dimensional (1D) quantum wires in the weak confinement regime, where, at certain densities, the 1D system of electrons bifurcates into two rows. We show that the two rows are coupled, forming bonding and antibonding states, and that the coupling persists in magnetic fields from 0 to 16 T. In order for a double row to form, the Coulomb interactions in the channel must overcome the confining potential, which can be achieved by tuning the density and confinement. Using a split-gate device with a top gate and back gate, we observe a transition from single-row to double-row behaviour in the weak confinement regime. We further probe the characteristics of the coupled double row regime with dc source-drain bias measurements.

Proposed Soil Taxonomy Changes for Gelisols and Other Soils with Gelic Materials

J.g. Bockheim,C.l. Ping,D.w. Smith,J.w. Hempel,T.g. Reinsch 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Molecular characterization of swine leucocyte antigen class I genes in outbred pig populations

Ho, C.-S.,Lunney, J. K.,Franzo-Romain, M. H.,Martens, G. W.,Lee, Y.-J.,Lee, J.-H.,Wysocki, M.,Rowland, R. R. R.,Smith, D. M. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Animal genetics Vol.40 No.4

<P>Summary</P><P>The highly polymorphic <I>swine leucocyte antigen</I> (<I>SLA</I>) genes are one of the most important determinants in swine immune responses to infectious diseases, vaccines, and in transplantation success. Study of SLA influence requires accurate and effective typing methods. We developed a simple and rapid method to type alleles at the three classical SLA class I loci (<I>SLA-1</I>, <I>SLA-3</I> and <I>SLA-2</I>) using the PCR-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) strategy. This typing system relies on 47 discriminatory PCR primer pairs designed to amplify the SLA class I alleles by groups that have similar sequence motifs. We applied this low-resolution group-specific typing method to characterize the SLA class I alleles present in three outbred pig populations (<I>n = </I>202). Alleles from 24 class I allele groups corresponding to 56 class I genotypes were detected. We also identified 23 low-resolution SLA class I haplotypes in these pigs and found haplotypes Lr-1.0 (<I>SLA-1</I>*01XX-<I>SLA-3</I>*01XX-<I>SLA-2</I>*01XX) and Lr-4.0 (<I>SLA-1</I>*04XX-<I>SLA-3</I>*04XX-<I>SLA-2</I>*04XX) in all three pig populations with a high prevalence. Over 80% of the pigs examined (<I>n </I>=<I> </I>162) were found to bear at least one of these haplotypes, resulting in a combined haplotype frequency of nearly 50%. This PCR-SSP-based typing system demonstrates a reliable and unambiguous detection of SLA class I alleles, and can be used to effectively investigate the SLA diversity in outbred pig populations. It will help to identify the role of SLA antigens in disease-resistant pigs and may facilitate the development of effective vaccines.</P>

Molecular characterization of swine leucocyte antigen class II genes in outbred pig populations

Ho, C.-S.,Lunney, J. K.,Lee, J.-H.,Franzo-Romain, M. H.,Martens, G. W.,Rowland, R. R. R.,Smith, D. M. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Animal genetics Vol.41 No.4

<P>Summary</P><P>The highly polymorphic swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) genes are among the most important determinants of swine immune responses to disease and vaccines. Accurate and effective SLA genotyping methods are required to understand how SLA gene polymorphisms affect immunity, especially in outbred pigs with diverse genetic backgrounds. In this study, we present a simple and rapid molecular-based typing system for characterizing SLA class II alleles of the <I>DRB1</I>, <I>DQB1</I> and <I>DQA</I> loci. This system utilizes a set of 47 sequence-specific PCR primers developed to differentiate alleles by groups that share similar sequence motifs. We applied this typing method to investigate the SLA class II diversity in four populations of outbred pigs (<I>n </I>=<I> </I>206) and characterized a total of 19 SLA class II haplotypes, six of which were shared by at least three of the sampled pig populations. We found that Lr-0.1 (<I>DRB1</I>*01XX–<I>DQB1</I>*01XX–<I>DQA</I>*01XX) was the most prevalent haplotype with a combined frequency of 16.0%, followed by Lr-0.2 (<I>DRB1</I>*02XX–<I>DQB1</I>*02XX–<I>DQA</I>*02XX) with 14.6% and Lr-0.15b (<I>DRB1</I>*04XX–<I>DQB1</I>*0202–<I>DQA</I>*02XX) with 14.1%. Over 70% of the pigs (<I>n </I>=<I> </I>147) had at least one copy of one of these three haplotypes. The PCR-based typing system described in this study demonstrates a reliable and unambiguous detection method for SLA class II alleles. It will be a valuable tool for studying the influence of SLA diversity on various immunological, pathological and physiological traits in outbred pigs.</P>