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Driver of Peace? Ping-Pong Diplomacy on The Korean Peninsula
Brian Bridges 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2020 International Journal of Korean History Vol.25 No.2
Amongst the various examples of sport influencing politics, the role of table tennis in facilitating ground-breaking connections between the Unit-ed States and the People’s Republic of China – the so-called “ping-pong diplomacy” of the early 1970s – is probably the most-cited. However, the use of this sport has not been confined to those two major powers; rather, there have been attempts to utilize it to bring about reconciliation to the long-standing inter-Korean enmity. However, in the case of divided na-tions (such as on the Korean peninsula), sport takes on the nature of not only a competitive rivalry but also an overtly political struggle for legiti-macy. Politics drive sport, not the other way around. By utilizing un-published British and American archives and by examining the cases of the World Table Tennis Championships held in Pyongyang in 1979 and Japan in 1991 as well as the post-PyeongChang Winter Olympics events, the inflated expectations and ultimate limitations of using sport in gen-eral—and table tennis in particular—as a utilitarian force for reconcilia-tion between the two Koreas are shown. 스포츠가 정치에 영향을 미친 여러 사례들 중에 가장 많이 언급되는 케이스는 아마도 1970년대 초반 소위 핑퐁외교로 불리는 미국과 중국간 관계의 획기적 개선을 촉진한 탁구의 역할일 것이다. 그러나 탁구의 정치적 이용은 두 강대국에 국한되었던 것은 아니었다. 오히려 오랜 남북간 대치상황에 화해 분위기를 조성하기 위해 이 스포츠를 이용하고자 한 시도들이 더 많았다. 한반도와 같이 분단된 국가들의 경우에 스포츠는 경쟁적인 라이벌 관계뿐만 아니라 공공연히 정치적 정당성을 획득하기 위한 투쟁의 속성을 갖고 있다. 따라서 정치는 스포츠를 일정한 방향으로 추동하며 그 역은 성립하지 않는다. 이 논문에서는 미공개의 영국과 미국 자료들을 활용하고 평창 동계 올림픽 이후 이벤트들 뿐만 아니라 1979년 평양과 1991년 일본에서 열린 세계탁구 선수권 대회의 사례들을 분석한다. 이를 통해 남북간 화해를 위한 실용적 동력원으로써 스포츠—특히 탁구—의 이용이 야기한 과잉기대와 궁극적 한계를 드러내고자 한다.
BEYOND ECONOMICS : GROWTH TRIANGLES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Bridges, Brian The Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam Un 1997 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.21 No.1
Growth triangles, a form of transnational production bloc in which labor, technology, and capital can move freely, have been developing across the Asia-Pacific region. Cases taken from Southeast Asia-the South China Economic Zone, the Sijori Triangle, and the new wave of zones in maritime and mainland Southeast Asia-are examined to show that these phenomena cannot be seen in economic terms alone. There are significant political and social implications deriving from their emergence, and their future development will be affected by domestic politics within and the broader state of relations between the participating countries. The article also explores the question of whether growth triangles have been driven mainly by bysiness or government initiative.
Old Friends, New Partners, and Troubled Times: North Korea’s Relations With Southeast Asia
Brian Bridges 통일연구원 2017 International journal of korean unification studie Vol.26 No.2
Taking a broad historical perspective, this article examines the character of North Korea’s relationships with the individual member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as well as with ASEAN as a regional organization. North Korea, with its limited experience of interacting with regional cooperation organizations, has approached Southeast Asia in terms of individual bilateral relationships that can be leveraged through historical and ideological linkages. It was not until the 1990s that North Korea took ASEAN seriously, but even then its focus remained primarily on preventing a unified position from being sustained. However, the continued nuclear and missile tests have pushed ASEAN into taking stronger critical actions against the North, despite ASEAN’s aspiration to play a mediating role.
Japan`s Relations with North Korea: Towards Normalization
( Brian Bridges ) 한국국방연구원 1991 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.3 No.2
Change in the Japan-North Korea relationship will constitute one element in the "new order" in Northeast Asia. Negotiations for the normalization of relations are under way, but progress has so far been slow. Following earlier periods of closer contact, in the late 1950s and early 1970s. the bilateral negotiations since the autumn of 1990 represent the third North Korean attempt to promote relations. Japan`s Korean policy has often had the character of "one step forward, two steps backward." Japanese policy-making towards North Korea is a complex process. The Foreign Ministry`s basically cautious attitude is supported by other ministries, but is at odds with the Japan Socialist Party and some Liberal Democratic Party politi- cians who wish to push faster. Economic ties have been limited and Japanese business sees little attraction in the North Korean market. Diplomatically isolated and economically strapped, North Korea has had to turn to Japan as the only available source of economic assistance. North Korea`s demands for post-1945 reparations and its reluctance to open its nuclear facilities to international inspection have become the focal points of the negotiations. Japan is under strong pressure from the United States and South Korea not to give way, especially on the nuclear issue; this reinforces the Foreign Ministry`s desire to slow the negotiations down to its own pace. The eventual establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and North Korea will complicate Japan-South Korean relations in the short term, but, in the longer term, it can only bring change to North Korean society, pushing it closer to the South.