Estimating the age of single nucleotide polymorphic sites in humans

Borštnik Branko,Pumpernik Danilo 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.10

Background Determining the ages of polymorphic sites in human genomes needs to be carried out in a careful balance between the degree of complexity of the approach and the desired accuracy. Objective We provide evidence that a simpler approach where age determination is based upon the degree to which the alternative allele is spread among the population can be competitive with more complex methods. Methods The information contained in the vcf fles of Phase 1 of the 1000 Genomes Project combined with the genomic sequences of seven non-human primate species was analyzed. The analyses were supplemented by a computer simulation of the mutational changes in 10,000 model chromosomes with a length of 10,000 nucleotides over a period of 16 million years. The list of the birth dates of the derived alleles of homozygous and heterozygous components of the derived alleles served as a yardstick to estimate the ages of human alternative alleles. Results The age of the derived alleles born in Africa before the “Out of Africa” event and not brought to other continents are estimated to be 0.17 Ma, the derived alleles present simultaneously on all continents are estimated to be 1.3 Ma old and the age of alleles arising in Europe or Asia is 0.06 Ma. Conclusion Our approach functions with polymorphisms that respect the “more frequent means older” principle. However, this shortcoming only leads to disagreement with the Atlas of Variant Age in about 20% of cases.

지난 30년의 루마니아 연극 혹은 연극의 패러다임 전환

오아나보르슈 ( Oana Borș ) 한국연극평론가협회 2023 연극평론 Vol.110 No.-

Association between physiological and agronomic traits and selection of tropical wheat

Henrique Caletti Mezzomo,Cleiton Renato Casagrande,Caique Machado e Silva,Aluízio Borém,Maicon Nardino 한국작물학회 2021 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.24 No.2

The aims of this study are to verify the existence of canonical correlations between physiological and agronomic traits of 40 lines of tropical wheat using the REML/BLUP (restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction) method and select genotypes with the best performance using four selection indexes. For such, 40 tropical wheat genotypes were evaluated in a field experiment in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The physiological traits (group I) of these genotypes were measured using an infrared gas analyzer, group II was formed by agronomic traits. The data were submitted to REML/BLUP and the predicted genotypic values (BLUP) were obtained to estimate genotypic correlation coeffi cients, canonical correlation coeffi cients between groups I and II, and to perform the selection of superior genotypes using the method of ranks summation index, multiplicative index, genotype-ideotype distance index and Z index. The maximum likelihood test revealed a significant effect of genotypes for all traits evaluated. Net photosynthetic rate it showed a positive correlation with stomatal conductance to H 2 O (0.32) and transpiration rate (0.79). Hectoliter weight has a significant association with physiological traits, positive for intercellular CO 2 concentration (0.56) and negative for leaf temperature (− 0.56) and transpiration rate (− 0.42). The correlation between groups was 0.78. The intercellular CO 2 concentration was directly related to disease note and hectoliter weight. The lines VI 14050, VI 14197 and VI 14950 coincide in the three selection indexes, with a potential for registration as a new cultivar.

Pulse-Width-Modulation Feedforward Neural Network Design with On-Chip Learning

Bor, Jenn Chyou,Wu, Chung Yu 대한전자공학회 1996 APCCAS:Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits And Sys Vol.1 No.1

In this paper, a CMOS VLSI design of the pulse width modulation (PWM) neural network with on-chip leaning is proposed. The multiplication and summation functions are realized by using the PWM technique and simple mixed-mode circuits with good linearity and large dynamic range. From the measured results, the linearity of synapses versus input pulse widths can be almost kept under ±0.2%. Also the measured results on the simple Chinese word speech classification have successfully verified the function correctness and performance of the designed neural network.

Analysis, Design and Implementation of an Interleaved DC/DC Converter with Series-Connected Transformers

Bor-Ren Lin,Chih-Chieh Chen 전력전자학회 2012 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.12 No.4

An interleaved DC/DC converter with series-connected transformers is presented to implement the features of zero voltage switching (ZVS), load current sharing and ripple current reduction. The proposed converter includes two half-bridge converter cells connected in series to reduce the voltage stress of the switches at one-half of the input voltage. The output sides of the two converter cells with interleaved pulse-width modulation are connected in parallel to reduce the ripple current at the output capacitor and to achieve load current sharing. Therefore, the size of the output chokes and the capacitor can be reduced. The output capacitances of the MOSFETs and the resonant inductances are resonant at the transition instant to achieve ZVS turn-on. In addition, the switching losses on the power switches are reduced. Finally, experiments on a laboratory prototype (24V/40A) are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed converter.

Interleaved ZVS Resonant Converter with a Parallel-Series Connection

Bor-Ren Lin,Sin-Jhih Shen 전력전자학회 2012 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.12 No.4

This paper presents an interleaved resonant converter with a parallel-series transformer connection in order to achieve ripple current reduction at the output capacitor, zero voltage turn-on for the active switches, zero current turn-off for the rectifier diodes, less voltage stress on the rectifier diodes, and less current stress on the transformer primary windings. The primary windings of the two transformers are connected in parallel in order to share the input current and to reduce the root-mean-square (rms) current on the primary windings. The secondary windings of the two transformers are connected in series in order to ensure that the transformer primary currents are balanced. A full-wave diode rectifier is used at the output side to clamp the voltage stress of the rectifier diode at the output voltage. Two circuit modules are operated with the interleaved PWM scheme so that the input and output ripple currents are reduced. Based on the resonant behavior, all of the active switches are turned on under zero voltage switching (ZVS), and the rectifier diodes are turned off under zero current switching (ZCS) if the operating switching frequency is less than the series resonant frequency. Finally, experiments with a 1kW prototype are described to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

DIFFERENT DESIGN OF VERTICAL AUXILIARY TABLES AND FLATNESS EVALUATION

Bor-Tsuen Wang,Yu-Xian Huang,David Lee 한국소음진동공학회 2008 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.7

A Parallel Hybrid Soft Switching Converter with Low Circulating Current Losses and a Low Current Ripple

Bor-Ren Lin,Jia-Sheng Chen 전력전자학회 2015 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.15 No.6

A new parallel hybrid soft switching converter with low circulating current losses during the freewheeling state and a low output current ripple is presented in this paper. Two circuit modules are connected in parallel using the interleaved pulse-width modulation scheme to provide more power to the output load and to reduce the output current ripple. Each circuit module includes a three-level converter and a half-bridge converter sharing the same lagging-leg switches. A resonant capacitor is adopted on the primary side of the three-level converter to reduce the circulating current to zero in the freewheeling state. Thus, the high circulating current loss in conventional three-level converters is alleviated. A half-bridge converter is adopted to extend the ZVS range. Therefore, the lagging-leg switches can be turned on under zero voltage switching from light load to full load conditions. The secondary windings of the two converters are connected in series so that the rectified voltage is positive instead of zero during the freewheeling interval. Hence, the output inductance of the three-level converter can be reduced. The circuit configuration, operation principles and circuit characteristics are presented in detail. Experiments based on a 1920W prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

Analysis of Hybrid Converter with Wide Voltage Range Operation

Bor-Ren Lin 전력전자학회 2019 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.19 No.5

A soft switching converter with wide voltage range operation is investigated in this paper. A series resonant converter is implemented to achieve a high circuit efficiency with soft switching characteristics on power switches and rectifier diodes. To improve the weakness of the narrow voltage range in LLC converters, an alternating current (ac) power switch is used on the primary side to select a half-bridge or full-bridge resonant circuit to implement 4:1 voltage range operation. On the secondaryside, another ac power switch is adopted to select a full-wave rectifier or voltage-doubler rectifier to achiever an additional 2:1 output voltage range. Therefore, the proposed resonant converter has the capacity for 8:1 (320V~40V) wide output voltage operation. A single-stage hybrid resonant converter is employed in the study circuit instead of a two-stage dc converter to achiever wide voltage range operation. As a result, the study converter has better converter efficiency. The theoretical analysis and circuit characteristics are verified by experiments with a prototype circuit.

Analysis and Implementation of a New Three-Level Converter

Bor-Ren Lin,Yu-Bin Nian 전력전자학회 2014 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.14 No.3

This study presents a new interleaved three-level zero-voltage switching (ZVS) converter for high-voltage and high-current applications. Two circuit cells are operated with interleaved pulse-width modulation in the proposed converter to reduce the current ripple at the input and output sides, as well as to decrease the current rating of output inductors for high-load-current applications. Each circuit cell includes one half-bridge converter and one three-level converter at the primary side. At the secondary side, the transformer windings of two converters are connected in series to reduce the size of the output inductor or switching current in the output capacitor. Based on the three-level circuit topology, the voltage stress of power switches is clamped at Vin/2. Thus, MOSFETs with 500 V voltage rating can be used at 800 V input voltage converters. The output capacitance of the power switch and the leakage inductance (or external inductance) are resonant at the transition interval. Therefore, power switches can be turned on under ZVS. Finally, experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.