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Kim, Bit-Na,Lee, Sang-Jae,Seo, Jin-Won,An, Kwang-Guk The Korean Society of Limnology 2008 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.1
The purpose of the study was to evaluate spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients (TN, TP), organic pollution (BOD, COD), and ionic dynamics (electrical conductivity, EC) in the North Han-River, South Han-River, and merged downriver using the dataset of $1998{\sim}2007$, obtained from the MEK (Ministry of Environment, Korea). Accord. ing to interannual nutrient analysis, TN varied slightly in the North Han-River and South Han-River, but decreased in the merged downriver along with BOD. Longitudinal analysis in the water quality showed that BOD, COD, and nutrients had linear decreasing trend along the main axis of headwater-to-downriver. Concentrations of TP and TN in the North Han-River averaged $26.97{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $1.696mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively, which were minimum in the three watersheds, followed by South Han-River and then the merged downriver in order. Ratios of TN:TP in the watersheds were >40 in all the sites, indicating that nitrogen may be enough for periphyton or phytoplankton growth and phosphorus may be limited partially. After the North Han-River water is merged with South Han-River, the concentrations of BOD, COD, TN, and TP were similar to the values of $S6{\sim}S7$, respectively or a little bit higher, but increased abruptly in Site M4 (Fig. 3). Thus, mean values of all the water quality parameters in the reach of $M4{\sim}M7$ sites were greater than any other sites. Seasonal data analysis indicated that BOD and EC in the downstream ($S3{\sim}S7$) was greater in the premonsoon than two seasons of the monsoon and postmonsoon, and no significant differences in BOD between the three seasons were found in the upstream ($S1{\sim}S2$). Empirical models of COD in the merged downriver was predicted ($R^2=0.87$, p>0.01, slope = 0.84, intercept = -1.28) well by EC. These results suggest that EC to be measured easily in the field may be used for estimations of nutrients and organic matter pollutions in the merged downriver and these linear models are cost-effective for the monitoring of the parameters.
Kim, Bit Na,Seo, Gab Kyung,Hwang, Sung Won,Yu, Hakki,Ahn, Byungmin,Seo, Hyungtak,Cho, In Sun Elsevier 2018 CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL Vol.44 No.2
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Copper tin oxide, CuSnO<SUB>3</SUB> (CSO), is an amorphous oxide semiconductor with a band-gap of 2.0–2.5eV, and it is an attractive material for diverse applications such as transparent conducting oxides, transistors, and optoelectronic devices. In this study, we fabricated CSO thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/glass substrates using a facile sol-gel process, and their optical properties, band structure and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties were investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, photocurrent-density-potential (<I>J-V</I>) curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky analysis. The CSO film synthesized at 500°C had an amorphous phase and a band gap of ~ 2.3eV with n-type behavior, while the films synthesized at 550°C and 600°C had a phase mixture (SnO<SUB>2</SUB> + CuO). We identified for the first time that the CSO film could be applied to photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems. Importantly, when combining the CSO with nanostructured WO<SUB>3</SUB> film, <I>i.e</I>., the bilayer heterojunction of the a-CSO/WO<SUB>3</SUB> showed enhanced PEC performances (cathodic shift of onset potential, increase of photocurrent generation and O<SUB>2</SUB> evolution) compared to the pristine WO<SUB>3</SUB> film.</P>
Kim, Da Yeon,Kwon, Doo Yeon,Lee, Bit Na,Seo, Hyo Won,Kwon, Jin Seon,Lee, Bong,Han, Dong Keun,Kim, Jae Ho,Min, Byoung Hyun,Park, Kinam,Kim, Moon Suk The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 SOFT MATTER Vol.8 No.29
<P>Here, we describe the preparation of microcapsule formulations using <I>in situ</I>-forming hydrogels to achieve desired therapeutic levels over a specific period. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-loaded microcapsules were prepared using a mono-axial nozzle ultrasonic atomizer with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 65% and a particle size of approximately 60 μm. Injectable formulations were prepared by mixing BSA-FITC-loaded microcapsules (Cap) and chitosan (CH), Pluronic (PL), or methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-<I>b</I>-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (MPEG-<I>b</I>-PCL) solution (MP). All formulations were prepared as solutions and became gelatinous drug depot implants after injection into the subcutaneous tissue of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. While monitoring <I>in vivo</I> BSA release, we found that the initial burst release of BSA was retarded by <I>in situ</I>-forming hydrogels. The <I>T</I><SUB>max</SUB> and <I>C</I><SUB>max</SUB> values for each formulation were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those of the BSA-FITC-solution alone. The absolute bioavailability of BSA-FITC from each formulation depended on the viscosities of the <I>in situ</I>-forming hydrogels. The viscosities of the <I>in situ</I>-forming hydrogels were considered to be an important factor influencing the initial burst and duration of BSA release over a period of several weeks. One conclusion that might be drawn from this work is that the initial burst and sustained entire release profile depend on the hydrogel properties. In conclusion, we believe the results of the present study provide potential new insights into sustained pharmacological performance and represent a useful experimental platform using <I>in situ</I>-forming hydrogels for future protein delivery research.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>The <I>in situ</I>-forming hydrogel systems can act as an additional outer shell for protein-loaded microcapsules, resulting in the suppression of the initial burst of drug released from microcapsules. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2sm25566a'> </P>