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INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AN INTEGRAL PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR
BELLE R. UPADHYAYA,MATTHEW R. LISH,J. WESLEY HINES,RYAN A. TARVER 한국원자력학회 2015 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.47 No.2
Several vendors have recently been actively pursuing the development of integral pressurizedwater reactors (iPWRs) that range in power levels from small to large reactors. Integral reactors have the features of minimum vessel penetrations, passive heat removalafter reactor shutdown, and modular construction that allow fast plant integration and asecure fuel cycle. The features of an integral reactor limit the options for placing controland safety system instruments. The development of instrumentation and control (I&C)strategies for a large 1,000 MWe iPWR is described. Reactor system modelingdwhich includesreactor core dynamics, primary heat exchanger, and the steam flashing drumdis animportant part of I&C development and validation, and thereby consolidates the overallimplementation for a large iPWR. The results of simulation models, control development,and instrumentation features illustrate the systematic approach that is applicable to integrallight water reactors
Overview of results from the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)
Gates, D.A.,Ahn, J.,Allain, J.,Andre, R.,Bastasz, R.,Bell, M.,Bell, R.,Belova, E.,Berkery, J.,Betti, R.,Bialek, J.,Biewer, T.,Bigelow, T.,Bitter, M.,Boedo, J.,Bonoli, P.,Boozer, A.,Brennan, D.,Breslau IOP Publishing 2009 Nuclear fusion Vol.49 No.10
Overview of physics results from the conclusive operation of the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Sabbagh, S.A.,Ahn, J.-W.,Allain, J.,Andre, R.,Balbaky, A.,Bastasz, R.,Battaglia, D.,Bell, M.,Bell, R.,Beiersdorfer, P.,Belova, E.,Berkery, J.,Betti, R.,Bialek, J.,Bigelow, T.,Bitter, M.,Boedo, J.,Bono IOP Publishing 2013 Nuclear fusion. Fusion nucléaire. &n.Illiga Vol.53 No.10
Strong Light-Matter Interactions in Heterostructures of Atomically Thin Films
Britnell, L.,Ribeiro, R. M.,Eckmann, A.,Jalil, R.,Belle, B. D.,Mishchenko, A.,Kim, Y.-J.,Gorbachev, R. V.,Georgiou, T.,Morozov, S. V.,Grigorenko, A. N.,Geim, A. K.,Casiraghi, C.,Neto, A. H. Castro,Nov American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2013 Science Vol.340 No.6138
<P><B>Atomic Layer Heterostructures—More Is More</B></P><P>The isolation of stable layers of various materials, only an atom or several atoms thick, has provided the opportunity to fabricate devices with novel functionality and to probe fundamental physics. <B>Britnell <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 1311, published online 2 May; see the Perspective by <B>Hamm and Hess</B>) sandwiched a single layer of the transition metal dichalcogenide WS<SUB>2</SUB> between two sheets of graphene. The photocurrent response of the heterostructure device was enhanced, compared to that of the bare layer of WS<SUB>2</SUB>. The prospect of combining single or several-atom-thick layers into heterostructures should help to develop materials with a wide range of properties.</P>
THE EVOLUTION OF STAR FORMATION HISTORIES OF QUIESCENT GALAXIES
Pacifici, Camilla,Kassin, Susan A.,Weiner, Benjamin J.,Holden, Bradford,Gardner, Jonathan P.,Faber, Sandra M.,Ferguson, Henry C.,Koo, David C.,Primack, Joel R.,Bell, Eric F.,Dekel, Avishai,Gawiser, Er American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical Journal Vol.832 No.1
<P>Although there has been much progress in understanding how galaxies evolve, we still do not understand how and when they stop forming stars and become quiescent. We address this by applying our galaxy spectral energy distribution models, which incorporate physically motivated star formation histories (SFHs) from cosmological simulations, to a sample of quiescent galaxies at 0.2 < z < 2.1. A total of 845 quiescent galaxies with multi-band photometry spanning rest-frame ultraviolet through near-infrared wavelengths are selected from the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) data set. We compute median SFHs of these galaxies in bins of stellar mass and redshift. At all redshifts and stellar masses, the median SFHs rise, reach a peak, and then decline to reach quiescence. At high redshift, we find that the rise and decline are fast, as expected, because the universe is young. At low redshift, the duration of these phases depends strongly on stellar mass. Low-mass galaxies (log(M*/M-circle dot) similar to 9.5) grow on average slowly, take a long time to reach their peak of star formation (greater than or similar to 4 Gyr), and then the declining phase is fast (less than or similar to 2 Gyr). Conversely, high-mass galaxies (log(M*/M-circle dot) similar to 11) grow on average fast (less than or similar to 2 Gyr), and, after reaching their peak, decrease the star formation slowly (greater than or similar to 3). These findings are consistent with galaxy stellar mass being a driving factor in determining how evolved galaxies are, with high-mass galaxies being the most evolved at any time (i.e., downsizing). The different durations we observe in the declining phases also suggest that low- and high-mass galaxies experience different quenching mechanisms, which operate on different timescales.</P>
The State-of-Play of Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) research
Dickinson, Clive,Ali-Haï,moud, Y.,Barr, A.,Battistelli, E.S.,Bell, A.,Bernstein, L.,Casassus, S.,Cleary, K.,Draine, B.T.,Gé,nova-Santos, R.,Harper, S.E.,Hensley, B.,Hill-Valler, J.,Hoang, Th Elsevier 2018 New astronomy reviews Vol.80 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) is a component of diffuse Galactic radiation observed at frequencies in the range ≈ 10–60 GHz. AME was first detected in 1996 and recognised as an additional component of emission in 1997. Since then, AME has been observed by a range of experiments and in a variety of environments. AME is spatially correlated with far-IR thermal dust emission but cannot be explained by synchrotron or free–free emission mechanisms, and is far in excess of the emission contributed by thermal dust emission with the power-law opacity consistent with the observed emission at sub-mm wavelengths. Polarization observations have shown that AME is very weakly polarized ( ≲ 1 %). The most natural explanation for AME is rotational emission from ultra-small dust grains (“spinning dust”), first postulated in 1957. Magnetic dipole radiation from thermal fluctuations in the magnetization of magnetic grain materials may also be contributing to the AME, particularly at higher frequencies ( ≳ 50 GHz). AME is also an important foreground for Cosmic Microwave Background analyses. This paper presents a review and the current state-of-play in AME research, which was discussed in an AME workshop held at ESTEC, The Netherlands, June 2016.</P>
In vivo tumour imaging employing regional delivery of novel Gallium radiolabelled polymer composites
Ross W. Stephens,Gregory D. Tredwell,Jessica L. Bell,Karen J. Knox,Lee A. Philip,Tim J. Senden,Michael J. Tapner,Stephanie A. Bickley,Marcel R. Tanudji,Stephen K. Jones 한국생체재료학회 2021 생체재료학회지 Vol.25 No.2
Background: Understanding the regional vascular delivery of particles to tumour sites is a prerequisite for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic composites for treatment of oncology patients. We describe a novel imageable 67Ga-radiolabelled polymer composite that is biocompatible in an animal tumour model and can be used for preclinical imaging investigations of the transit of different sized particles through arterial networks of normal and tumour-bearing organs. Results: Radiolabelling of polymer microspheres with 67Ga was achieved using a simple mix and wash method, with tannic acid as an immobilising agent. Final in vitro binding yields after autoclaving averaged 94.7%. In vivo stability of the composite was demonstrated in New Zealand white rabbits by intravenous administration, and intrahepatic artery instillations were made in normal and VX2 tumour implanted rabbit livers. Stability of radiolabel was sufficient for rabbit lung and liver imaging over at least 3 hours and 1 hour respectively, with lung retention of radiolabel over 91%, and retention in both normal and VX2 implanted livers of over 95%. SPECT-CT imaging of anaesthetised animals and planar imaging of excised livers showed visible accumulation of radiolabel in tumours. Importantly, microsphere administration and complete liver dispersal was more easily achieved with 8 μm diameter MS than with 30 μm MS, and the smaller microspheres provided more distinct and localised tumour imaging. Conclusion: This method of producing 67Ga-radiolabelled polymer microspheres is suitable for SPECT-CT imaging of the regional vascular delivery of microspheres to tumour sites in animal models. Sharper distinction of model tumours from normal liver was obtained with smaller MS, and tumour resolution may be further improved by the use of 68Ga instead of 67Ga, to enable PET imaging.
HESSER J. E.,STETSON P. B.,HARRISM W. E.,BOLTE M.,SMECKER-HANE T. A.,VANDENBERG D. A.,BELL R. A.,BOND H. E.,BERGH S. VAN DEN,MCCLURE R. D.,FAHLMAN G. G.,RICHER H. B. The Korean Astronomical Society 1996 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.29 No.suppl1
We review observational evidence bearing on the formation of a prototypical large spiral galaxy, the Milky Way. New ground- and space-based studies of globular star clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies provide a wealth of information to constrain theories of galaxy formation. It appears likely that the Milky Way formed by an combination of rapid, dissipative collapse and mergers, but the relative contributions of these two mechanisms remain controversial. New evidence, however, indicates that initial star and star cluster formation occurred simultaneously over a volume that presently extends to twice the distance of the Magellanic Clouds.
Attainment of Lipid Targets Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Can We Do Better?
Nick S. R. Lan,Umar S. Ali,Bu B. Yeap,Peter Gerry Fegan,Robert Larbalestier,Damon A. Bell 한국지질동맥경화학회 2022 지질·동맥경화학회지 Vol.11 No.2
Objective Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remain at high cardiovascular risk; however, few studies have evaluated lipid management and attainment of lipid targets in these patients. We investigated the proportion of CABG surgery patients who attained low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) targets. Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from patients undergoing CABG surgery at an Australian tertiary hospital between February 2015 and August 2020. The most recent lipid profile was recorded (at least 3 weeks post-operatively). We studied patients with electronically available data to ensure accuracy. Target LDL-C was defined as <1.4 (54 mg/dL) and <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL), and target non-HDL-C as <2.2 (85 mg/dL) and <2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), as per the 2019 and 2016 European dyslipidaemia guidelines, respectively. Results Follow-up lipid results were available for 484 patients (median post-operative follow-up, 483 days; interquartile range, 177.5–938.75 days). The mean age was 62.7±10.5 years and 387 (80.1%) were male. At discharge, 469 (96.9%) patients were prescribed statins, 425 (90.6%) high-intensity. Ezetimibe was prescribed for 62 (12.8%) patients and a proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitor for 1. LDL-C levels <1.4 and <1.8 mmol/L were attained in 118 (24.4%) and 231 (47.7%) patients, respectively, and non-HDL-C levels <2.2 and <2.6 mmol/L in 140 (28.9%) and 237 (49.0%) patients, respectively. Conclusion The use of non-statin lipid-lowering therapies was limited, and many CABG surgery patients did not attain lipid targets despite high-intensity statins. Further studies are required to optimise lipid management in this very high-risk population.